<p>Dome Peak is a high, massive, glaciated mountain in the Glacier Peak Wilderness of Washington&#39;s North Cascades. The remote location of Dome Peak, combined with its height, make it a less common destination for Cascade Range mountaineers. Dome Peak is at the southern end of the Ptarmigan Traverse mountaineering route. It is located at the extreme southeast corner of Skagit County. The mountain was given its name by Albert H. Sylvester, the first forest supervisor of Wenatchee National Forest.</p><br>
<p>There are two main summits connected by a narrow ridge with the northeastern summit being higher than the southwestern. Chickamin Glacier is north of the peak while Dome Glacier is to the west. A rock face drops off to the southeast. Dana Glacier is on the north side of a ridge that connects Dome Peak and Spire Point.</p><br>
<p>The higher northeast peak was first climbed by George Freed and Eric Larson on August 1, 1936.</p><br>
<p>Falling Creek Ironworks was the first iron production facility in North America. It was established by the Virginia Company of London in Henrico Cittie  on Falling Creek near its confluence with the James River. It was short-lived due to an attack by Native Americans in 1622.</p><br>
<p>The long-lost site was rediscovered in the early 21st century. It is now located in Chesterfield County, about 5 mi south of the fall line of the James River at present-day Richmond, Virginia. Archaeological and related research work at the site was ongoing as of March 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The geology of Virginias terrain changes from the sandy coastal plain of the Tidewater Region to the more hilly and rocky Piedmont Region along the north-south fall line. At Richmond, the generally west to east flowing James River turns almost due south and essentially flows parallel to and just east of the fall line for about 8 mi, before turning east again near Drewrys Bluff. On the west bank of this section, the Piedmont terrain contained the ore deposits needed to make iron, but was still adjacent to the navigable portion of the James River through the Tidewater Region. A local tributary, Falling Creek, flowed downhill into the James River, providing the water power needed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The proprietary Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony at Jamestown on May 14, 1607. The young colony struggled for years to develop self-sufficiency and successful exports. During the first five years, most of the colonists died from disease, starvation, and attacks by the Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>After 1612, non-native strains of tobacco emerged as a cash crop, and plantations and other outposts from Jamestown spread downstream and up the James River toward the head of navigation (fall line) at present-day Richmond.</p><br>
<h3>First ironworks</h3><br>
<p>Near the confluence of Falling Creek with the James River, the colonists identified the site with the combination of ore deposits, water power, and access to navigable waters for shipping which were needed for their desired iron production facility. Although the outpost was one of the most remote from Jamestown, beginning in 1619, the Falling Creek Ironworks was established there. It was the first iron production facility in North America.</p><br>
<p>Records which have survived indicate that the ironworks was able to produce some quantity of iron. However, from the extant records, it cannot be determined whether the ironworks had begun full production before operations were interrupted by the Indian Massacre of 1622.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1622, the Powhatan Confederacy of Native Americans tribes under the leadership of Chief Opechancanough conducted a series of coordinated surprise attacks on almost all the English settlements along the James River. Jamestown was spared only due to a timely warning. The massacre resulted in the death of about a third of the colonists. Two women and three children were among the 27 killed at Falling Creek Ironworks, leaving only two colonists alive, and the facilities were destroyed. Sir Thomas Dale&#39;s progressive development a few miles downstream at Henricus was evacuated as a result.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent history</h3><br>
<p>On July 21, 1646 George Ludlowe Esqr received 1,452 acre in York Co, that was adjacent to the Falling Creek Mill lands which was in part granted to Martin Baker (Martin Fouquet) as Yorke Plantation by purchase from George Mosso, esquire (esquiem). And which was mortgaged together with an additional 102 acre by Sir John Harve (John Harvey (Virginia)) as well as to pay transportation costs for 2 persons (Jean du Fer and his brother Francois, two surviving children of the 1622 massacre) as well as 750 acre to pay for transportation for 15 persons (mill workers): Philip Bowden (Philip Bourdain), John Nerve (Jean Nervais), Henry Davis, John Bernberry (Jean Banbury/VanBerry), Nicholos Iego (Nicholas Legos), Bassett Sax (Basset dSais), Richard Oxon (Richard dHausson/Dawson), Thomas Bacock (Thomas Picot), Mary Fitch, John Fleet (Jean van Fleet), and John Mission (Jean Monceaux/Muscheon), Sara Spittlewood, Richard Colins, Thomas Lewis, John Gerford (Gifford) and William Benton, Robert Caldwell.</p><br>
<p>From 1750 until 1781, Archibald Cary operated a forge there, until it was destroyed, by Benedict Arnold, during the American Revolutionary War. Later attempts to restore the ironworks were unsuccessful, and the exact site itself eventually became lost.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery, ongoing work</h2><br>
<p>The exact site of the Falling Creek Ironworks was unknown until relatively recently. According to an article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper on January 20, 2007, the heavy rains in the late summer of 2006 apparently eroded the creek bank and uncovered timbers of the furnace which were part of the structure. Early in 2007, a Chesterfield County Department of Utilities employee, who is also an amateur archaeologist, spotted them. According to the article, "The rest of the furnace is believed to be buried in the creek bank."</p><br>
<p>The location of the ironworks has long been suspected. A number of limited archaeological excavations and surveys were conducted by the Archaeological Society of Virginia, The College of William and Mary, Browning and Associates, LTD., and others. The location of the blast furnace was only confirmed in 1999 when Archaeo-Physics, LLC (working with Browning and Associates) did a comprehensive geophysical survey. A large magnetic anomaly consistent with the fired hearth of a blast furnace was located. In addition a number of other features were identified (probably buildings related to either the Falling Creek Ironworks or Archibald Cary&#39;s 1750-81 Forge).</p><br>
<p>The Bregaglia Range  is a small group of mostly granite mountains in Graubünden, Switzerland and the Province of Sondrio, northern Italy. It derives its name from the partly Swiss, partly Italian valley, the Val Bregaglia, and is known as Bergell in German. Other names which are applied to the range include the Val Masino Alps and, to describe the main ridge, Masino-Bregaglia-Disgrazia. Vicosoprano  is the main settlement in the Swiss part of the range.</p><br>
<p>The range is a popular mountaineering destination, and includes such peaks as Monte Disgrazia, Piz Cengalo and Piz Badile. Well-known mountaineers who are associated with the area and have made significant first ascents in the range include Leslie Stephen, D. W. Freshfield, W. A. B. Coolidge, Christian Klucker, Paul Güssfeldt and Riccardo Cassin.</p><br>
<p>A cable-car service runs from Pranzaira to the Albigna lake, and the Albigna hut (2,331 m) is a further 30–45-minute walk up the east side of the barrage.</p><br>
<h2>Significant peaks</h2><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>Main glaciers :</p><br>
<p>Forno Glacier</p><br>
<p>Albigna Glacier</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Chitrakoot Falls  is a natural waterfall located to the west of Jagdalpur, in Bastar district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh on the Indravati River. It is located at a distance of 38 km to the west of Jagdalpur.</p><br>
<p>The height of the falls is about 29 m. It is the widest fall in India. Because of its width and wide spread during the monsoon season, it is often called the Niagara Falls of India.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Chitrakote Falls is located on the Indravati River. The river originates in the kalahandi region of Odisha, in the Vindhya Range of hills, flows westward and then forms a fall at Chitrakote, enters Andhra Pradesh and finally flows into the Godavari River, after traversing 240 mi in the state, at Bhadrakali.</p><br>
<p>The free drop of the falls is a sheer height of about 30 m. Because of its horseshoe shape, it is compared with the Niagara Falls and is given in the sobriquet ‘the Small Niagara Falls’. During the rainy season, from July and October, rainbows are created with sun rays reflecting on mist from the waterfall.</p><br>
<p>On the left bank of the Chitakote Falls, a small Hindu shrine dedicated to the god Shiva and several naturally created grottos named "Parvati caves" (named after Shiva&#39;s wife Parvati) are located. The weather in the area is generally pleasant except in the summer season when it is hot due to absence of vegetation in the area.</p><br>
<p>The river flows sluggishly on the upstream side of the falls due to its meandering nature as it drains through the plains of Jagdalpur. This reach of the river valley has very little forest cover. Below the falls the river traverses the Bodhghat forested area and the river regime undergoes drastic change in its flow conditions. Aeration process and the forest in the downstream area filters the silt in the river.</p><br>
<p>Chitakoot Falls is one of the two of the waterfalls located in the Kanger Valley National Park, the other is Teerathgarh Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geological formation of the Indravati River valley as it rises and flows downstream consists of quartzitic sandstone and changes to the Archaean granite and gneisses near the Chitrakote Falls. It is one of the six waterfalls in India which are classified as "geomorphosites" (geoheritage sites with geomorphological interest); this classification is based on research studies of geological features of heritage value existing in different parts of the country. These have been studied and discussed in seminars by geologists, and studies have received the support of international institutions such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), and the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG).</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Chitrakote Falls, which spreads over three braids during the low flow season, is a single sheet of flow over a free fall of about 30 m forming a horseshoe shaped gorge. However, during the monsoon season, when the Indravati River is in floods, the falls cover the entire stretch of the horseshoe from the left to the right bank covering a width of about 300 m. Though it is about one third less in width compared to that of the Niagara Falls, its visual splendour is described as equally impressive. Water flow conditions over the falls vary with the seasons. During the flood season or the monsoon season, the flow is filled with silt. It is India&#39;s widest waterfall.</p><br>
<p>Local boat facilities operating below and under the falls in a misty atmosphere provide views of the falls under an early morning sun in reflected sun light and in a blue hue. On the banks of the pond below the falls, many small Shiva Lingas (aniconic symbols of the god Shiva) are found in several niches, as are iron trishuls (the trident weapon of Shiva), mostly in a rusted state. On the left bank, there is a rock ledge and climbing down this cliff leads to a naturally formed niche which houses stone slabs carved with deities. In addition, there is a small hut made of straw where Shiva images and rusted images of his son, the god Ganesha are seen. Local people are involved in fishing in the area.</p><br>
<p>The beauty of falls is seen throughout the year, particularly during sunset. As the fast flowing water of the river flows over the sharp near vertical rock exposure at the widest reach of the river, it generates misty clouds and then hits into a pond formed in a semicircular shape at the bottom of the falls. Adventure sports enthusiasts use boats in the stormy part of this pond. Pilgrims bathe in the calmer part of the lake. In the low flow season, paddle boats are used in pools formed in the upstream part of the falls. In the pool below the falls, swimming is permitted and paddle boats are permitted. Local boatmen can paddle their boats under the spray below the falls.</p><br>
<p>Apart from many large hydro electric power plants on the Indravati river, a small power plant of 7.5 MW capacity has been planned to utilize the head at the Chitrakote falls, though no irrigation is envisaged.</p><br>
<p>Some terrorist activity by Maoists (anti-revisionist) was reported in the area. In 2008, when the then President of India, Pratibha Patil, visited Chitrakote Falls, there was a violent attack on a police vehicle which was blown up.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Ministry of Tourism and Development of the Government of India had assessed the potential of this site in 2003 as of a natural "ambience" suitable for development of eco-tourism. Based on this assessment, plans were drawn up to develop facilities such as local restaurants, nature camping sites, a playground for children and platforms to view the falls, and also to improve the road condition, fix signs along the road from Jagdalpur to the falls, and beautify the site. Environmental conditions in the vicinity of the falls are in a preserved state but need attention as eco-tourism develops. As of 2010, some infrastructure facilities had improved. There is a government run hotel at the top of the fall. A series of steps from the garden of the hotel leads to the falls. "Chitrakote Log huts" with basic and modern cabins have also been built at the location. Some of the cabins provide good views of the falls.</p><br>
<p>The Tomb of Samuel קבר שמואל הנביא, translit. Kever Shmuel ha-Nevi; النبي صموئيل, translit. an-Nabi Samu&#39;il or Nebi Samwil), is the traditional burial site of the biblical Hebrew and Islamic prophet Samuel, atop a steep hill at an elevation of 908 meters above sea level. It is situated in the Palestinian village of Nabi Samwil in the West Bank, 1.3 kilometers north of the Jerusalem neighborhood of Ramot. On the site is a building containing a mosque built in the 18th century that was formerly a church. The tomb itself is located in an underground chamber where a small synagogue is located. The Israeli Ministry of Tourism website states "Over time practically every ancient Jewish traveler mentioned the place and its synagogue."</p><br>
<p>It is currently located in the Seam Zone, effectively annexed in an enclave by the Israeli West Bank barrier together with the Israeli settlement of Givat Zeev.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological excavations</h2><br>
<p>Yitzhak Magen conducted archaeological excavations from 1992–2003. On the southeastern slope is a 4 acre urban settlement dating back to the 8th-7th centuries BCE, and remnants that Magen believed to be the Mizpah in Benjamin of the Book of Samuel. By contrast, Jeffrey Zorn concluded that there are no remains at the site, from the period in which the Samuel narratives are set, and it could therefore not be Mizpah. Magen&#39;s own conclusions have been criticised for stretching the evidence beyond the obvious implications, which he himself hints at:</p><br>
<p>However, if Mizpah in Benjamin was Tell en-Nasbeh on the Nablus Road, Ishmael who had assassinated Gedaliah would not have fled to Ammon via Gibeon which is located to the west near Nabi Samwil which overlooks Jerusalem. Furthermore, Judas Machabeus, preparing for war with the Syrians, gathered his men "to Maspha, over against Jerusalem: for in Maspha was a place of prayer heretofore in Israel".</p><br>
<p>A large monastery was built by the Byzantines, of which little remains. There is no clear evidence that the place was considered the Tomb of Samuel, or indeed a place of religious significance, before Byzantine times. Magen argues that the builders of the monastery did not believe they were building over the tomb of Samuel, instead regarding their construction only as a memorial. The fifth century writer Jerome, for example, argues that Samuel&#39;s remains were moved to Chalcedon, on the orders of Emperor Arcadius; this would be a century before the Byzantine monastery was built.</p><br>
<p>A sixth-century Christian author identified the site as Samuel&#39;s burial place. According to the Bible, however, the prophet is buried at his hometown, Ramah, to the east of the hill which is located near Geba. The 12th-century Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela visited the site when he traveled the land in 1173, writing that the Crusaders had found the bones of Samuel in a Jewish cemetery in Ramla on the coastal plain and reburied here, overlooking the Holy City. He wrote that a church dedicated to St. Samuel of Shiloh had been built on the hill. This may refer to the abbey church of St. Samuel built by Premonstratensian canons and inhabited from 1141 to 1244.</p><br>
<p>Raymond of Aguilers, who wrote a chronicle of the First Crusade (1096–1099), relates that on the morning of June 7, 1099, the Crusaders reached the summit of Nebi Samuel, and when they saw the city of Jerusalem, which they had not yet seen, they fell to the ground and wept in joy; the Crusaders named the place "Mount of Joy" (Latin Mons Gaudi, French Mont de Joie), for this reason. The Crusaders built a fortress on the spot, which was razed by the Mamelukes.</p><br>
<p>Some identify the location with the Biblical temple of Gibeon, though consensus among experts places it at the village of al Jib.</p><br>
<h2>Modern era</h2><br>
<p>Jews had begun efforts to found a village at the site in 1890, originally called Ramah after the biblical home of Samuel, and then referred to by the name of the group which had purchased the lands, Nahalat Yisrael. Over the next five years various attempts to actualise the plan had failed due to bureaucratic obstacles, but in 1895, 13 Yemenite Jewish families joined the group and succeeded in the endeavour, even engaging in agriculture there.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>Nebi Samuel&#39;s strategic location made it the site of battles during the British conquest of Ottoman Palestine in 1917, and the village was badly damaged from artillery fire and abandoned. It was resettled in 1921, but various difficulties lead it to again disband after a number of years. The mosque built in 1730 was damaged in the battle between the British and the Turks in 1917. It was restored in World War I.</p><br>
<h3>Post-World War II</h3><br>
<p>The location was again significant in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the 1967 Six-Day War, and was used by artillery of the Jordanian Arab Legion to bombard Jerusalem, in addition to being a base for attacks on Jewish traffic during the 1948 siege of Jerusalem.</p><br>
<p>Nebi Samuel and the surrounding archeological excavations are now part of a national park. An Arab village of 20 families is located on the hilltop.</p><br>
<p>Both Jewish and Muslim prayers are held at the tomb. Many religious Jews visit the tomb on the 28th of Iyar, the anniversary of Samuel the Prophet&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>Caburgua Lake is located 23 km northeast of the city of Pucón, in the La Araucanía Region of Chile. Huerquehue National Park lies to the east of the lake. Like Villarrica Lake, it is part of Toltén River basin. During summer the outflow river may dry out but due to high levels of underground infiltration the waterfalls Ojos del Caburgua never run dry.</p><br>
<p>The lake occupies a glacial valley carved out along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault. In the Holocene the valley was blocked by lava flows from the Volcanes de Caburgua.</p><br>
<p>The lake has recently gained notoriety for the holiday residences of people like Sebastián Piñera and President Michelle Bachelet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest Caburgua inhabitants before the Spanish were the Pehuenche, a subdivision of the Mapuche, who lived in the southern Andes and moved back and forth across the mountains. Numerous descendents of these people live in Caburgua today. Local residents do not usually distinguish Mapuche subdivisions, rather, they call Mapuche all the people who still speak the native language and have Mapuche surnames. The forests where the Mapuche lived stretched from the Pacific coast to the Argentine pampas. They were ancient and very productive. The most important tree was the Pehuén, referred to today as the Pino Araucaria, which produces large quantities of pine nuts. In the fall when the nuts mature, locals climb to the Pehuén forests, usually located above 3,000 feet, and collect the pine nuts or piñones in sacks. The Mapuche have various ways to consume the nuts: roasted, ground into flour, boiled, or in a fermented cider. The nuts are still consumed in large quantities and are seasonally available in Pucón grocery stores.</p><br>
<p>Taking advantage of natural meadows, the Mapuche planted corn, potatoes, and other vegetables. They also used slash and burn agriculture, but most of the Andes in this region were covered by giant, noble hardwoods, like coihue, roble, and raulí, which were not easy to clear for farming. The Mapuche did burn the trees and make dugout canoes, but without iron tools they could not make lumber. When the Spanish conquered the forested regions, they likewise had trouble developing a lumber industry for lack of machines and transportation.</p><br>
<p>In spite of Caburguas isolation, it is part of Chiles fascinating history. In the 16th century when the Spanish first settled in Chile, they quickly founded Santiago in 1541, Concepcion in 1550, and Villarrica in 1552. During the latter&#39;s first decade, the Mapuche rebelled and destroyed the settlement, but the Spanish rebuilt it. In 1603, however, a Mapuche rebellion forced the Spanish to abandon Villarrica and many other communities. For almost three centuries these towns disappeared. Not until the construction of the railroad in Southern Chile in the 1880s was Villarrica reestablished. Three years later, in 1883 Chilean government established the first fort at Pucón.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century large land grants, logging, and homesteading moved east from Pucón up the valley toward Argentina. Although a number of sizable estates were formed in this region, due to poor soils of volcanic sands, as well as numerous lava deposits in the Caburgua Valley, this area remained unattractive to large farms and ranches. As a result, those who forged the early Caburgua community were Mapuche inhabitants who had signed land cession treaties, Chilean campesinos, and Germanic immigrants. Ironically, a number of Chilean settlers had lived some years in Argentina. Don Segundo Luengo, for example, was born in southern Chile (Angol), then crossed to Argentina where he drove cattle with his father throughout the southern pampas. As a young adult, he returned to homestead Chile, married Zoila Espinosa in 1917, and began to farm near Cunco. Powerful landowners, pushed Segundo, Zoila and other settlers off of those lands, so they migrated to the more marginal lands of Caburgua. They homesteaded about a mile south of the Lake and together cleared the forest, built their humble dwelling, and began a family.</p><br>
<p>Deseret Peak is the highest peak in the Stansbury Mountains. It is located in the Deseret Peak Wilderness area west of Grantsville, Utah and east of Skull Valley Indian Reservation. The site is a popular destination for hikers as the area is a contrast of the alpine wilderness with the surrounding desert basin. The trail that leads to the peak is easily accessible from Salt Lake City. The mountain offers views of the Bonneville Salt Flats, the Great Salt Lake, and the surrounding towns and mountain ranges. On a clear day, it is possible to see Mount Nebo, the highest peak in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>From Salt Lake City:</p><br>
<p>Take Interstate 80 west from the city to Exit 88 (Grantsville)</p><br>
<p>Take Burmeister Road south from Exit 88 to Grantsville&#39;s Main Street (Utah State Route 138)</p><br>
<p>Take Grantsville Main Street west to 200 West, also known as "West Street"</p><br>
<p>Take West Street south - it will turn south-southwest at the south edge of Grantsville, thereafter being known locally as "Mormon Trail Road"</p><br>
<p>Follow Mormon Trail Road southwest to South Willow Canyon Road</p><br>
<p>Take South Willow Canyon Road west to its upper terminus near the top of South Willow Canyon, where parking is available.</p><br>
<p>From the parking area, a 4-mile trail is well-marked to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Zorats Karer , also called Karahunj, Qarahunj or Carahunge and Carenish  is a prehistoric archaeological site near the town of Sisian in the Syunik Province of Armenia. It is also often referred to in international tourist lore as the Armenian Stonehenge.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Carahunge site is on latitude of 39° 34 and longitude of 46° 01 on the mountain plateau having altitude 1770 m and occupies a territory of about 7 hectare on the left side of the Dar river canyon, the tributary of the river Vorotan (at 2 km). It is located on a rocky promontory near Sisian.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Armenian historian Stepanos Orbelian in his book History of Syunic (I-XII centuries) mentioned that in Tsluk (Yevalakh) region of Armenia, near town Syunic or Sisian was a village Carunge, which means in Armenian Stone Treasure or Foundational Stones.</p><br>
<p>The name Carahunge is interpreted as deriving from two Armenian words: car (or kar) (քար), meaning stone, and hunge or hoonch (հունչ), meaning sound. Thus the name Carahunge means Speaking Stones.</p><br>
<p>This interpretation is related to the fact that the stones make whistling sounds on a windy day, presumably because of multiple reach-through holes bored under different angles into the stones in prehistoric times.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the site was officially named the Karahunj (Carahunge) Observatory, by Parliamentary decree (Government decision No. 1095-n, July 29, 2004).</p><br>
<p>Carahunge is also known in local lore as Zorats Karer (Զորաց Քարեր), Dik-dik Karer (Դիք-դիք քարեր), and Tsits Karer (Ցից Քարեր), meaning Vertical Stones in vernacular Armenian.</p><br>
<h2>Stones</h2><br>
<p>Map showing the layout of the upright stones at Carahunge</p><br>
<p>The Carahunge Monument consists of the following parts: the central circle, the north arm, the south arm, N-E alley, the chord (crossing the circle) and separate standing stones.</p><br>
<p>The site is rich with stone settings, burial cists and standing stones - Menhirs. In total registered 223 stones.</p><br>
<p>The heights of the stones range from 0.5 to 3 m (above ground) and weight up to 10 tons. They are basalt (andesite) stones, eroded by time and covered with moss and lichen of many colours. The inside surface of holes preserved much better. There are also many broken and unnumbered stones.</p><br>
<p>About 80 of the stones feature a circular hole, although only 37 of the stones, with 47 holes, are still standing. They have been of interest to Russian and Armenian archaeoastronomers who have suggested that the standing stones could have been used for astronomical observation. Seventeen of the stones were associated with observations of sunrise or sunset at the solstices and equinoxes, and 14 with the lunar extremes. However, this must remain conjectural as the holes are relatively unweathered and may not even be prehistoric in origin.</p><br>
<h2>Investigations</h2><br>
<p>The astronomical significance of megalithic structures at Zorats Karer was first explored by Armenian archaeologist Onik Khnkikyan in 1984. A year after, a hypothesis about the existence of an astronomical observatory at Zorats Karer (Carahunge), as well as analyses of other megalithic sites at Metzamor and Angeghakot, was made by Armenian astrophysicist Elma Parsamyan.</p><br>
<p>Investigation by radiophysicist Paris Herouni and his research team during 1994-2001 led them to the now disputed conclusion that Carahunge is the world&#39;s oldest astronomical observatory. In 1999, Herouni got in touch with British-born American astronomer and archaeo-astronomer Gerald Hawkins, renowned for his analysis of Stonehenge in which he proposed its purpose as an ancient astronomical observatory. In a letter to Herouni, Professor Hawkins confirmed his Armenian colleague’s similar conclusions about Zorats Karer, stating, in particular: “I admire the precise calculations you have made. I am most impressed with the careful work you have done, and hope that the result will ultimately get recorded in literature.”</p><br>
<p>Zorats Karer was investigated in 2000 by archaeologists from the Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, University of Munich, as part of a field survey of prehistoric sites in southern Armenia. They identified the site as a necropolis dating mainly from the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age, finding enormous stone tombs from those periods within the area. Team leader Stephan Kroll also concluded that the lines of stones were actually the remains of a city wall, possibly from the Hellenistic-period, that had been constructed mostly of rubble and loam, and in which the upright stones had acted as reinforcements.</p><br>
<p>Archaeoastronomer Clive Ruggles wrote that Inevitably there have been other claims—more speculative and less supportable—relating to the astronomical significance of the site. One is that it can be astronomically dated to the sixth millennium BCE and direct comparisons with Stonehenge, which few now believe was an observatory, are less than helpful.</p><br>
<p>Armenian biologist and mathematician Vachagan Vahradyan has recently further developed the hypothesis about the astronomical function of this archaeological complex.</p><br>
<p>A recent critical assessment found several problems with the archaeoastronomical interpretations of the site. The northeast avenue, which extends about 50 meters from the center, has been inconsistently associated with the summer solstice, the major northern lunistice, or the rising of Venus. Herouni had postulated that in order to use the holes in the megaliths for astronomical observations sufficiently precise to determine the date of the solstices, it would have been necessary to restrict the field of vision by inserting a narrow tube in the existing perforations. Without these modifications, for which there is no archaeological evidence, the claimed astronomical significance of the orientations of the holes vanishes. As a consequence, González-Garcia concluded that the archaeoastronomical claims for the site are untenable, although further investigations to determine the astronomical potential of Carahunge and similar sites are merited.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In the nearby city of Sisian, there is a small museum dedicated to findings in the area, including palaeolithic petroglyphs found on mountain tops in the area, and grave artefacts form the Bronze Age burial site with over 200 shaft graves.</p><br>
<p>Baggersee Innsbruck  is located in the south-eastern part of Innsbruck at the Inn River and belongs to the city district Amras. With an area size of 2.8 ha it is the second largest lake in the city area. Only the Lake Lans surpasses it by size and volume.</p><br>
<p>Many people use the lake as recreation area in Summer. The water can warm up to 24 °C. Recreational activities at the lake include beach volley, badminton, streetball or table tennis. In fall the water is intensively used for surfing.</p><br>
<p>Despite the high usage, the water quality remains constant at Grade B. Reed regions, fresh water supply and subterranean connections with the sewage treat plant Rossau and Inn River provide the Lake with sufficient water upheavals. Rare water birds like cormorants and swans were detected by eager ornithologists who use this territory during the non-bathing season.</p><br>
<p>The Baggersee Innsbruck and its environment is a true jewel that is thoroughly maintained by the city of Innsbruck. Bathing is charged. This income is used for the maintenance of the leisure facility.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
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<p>Dilworth is a neighborhood of Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. The neighborhood was Charlottes first streetcar suburb and was established by Edward Dilworth Latta in the 1890s on 250 acres  southwest of the original city limits. It included the Joseph Forsyth Johnson designed Latta Park. Planned largely with a grid pattern similar to the citys original four wards, Dilworth was initially designated the Eighth Ward.</p><br>
<p>Dilworth was born out of the powerful impact that the newly minted streetcar had on Charlottes original four ward neighborhood. The first streetcars were horse-drawn and later mule-drawn. These precursor streetcars and walking were Charlotteans primary mode of transportation which kept development close to Trade and Tryon Streets, Charlottes urban core. The first electric streetcar, Lattas Charlotte Street Railway Company, began operation May 18, 1891, just two days before Dilworth was opened. The original streetcar was replaced just five short years later by Charlotte Electric Railway.</p><br>
<p>Streetcars or Trolleys as they were now called, were a popular mode of transportation and made adjacent real estate extremely sought- after. The Charlotte Electric Railway trolley became a billboard for the Dilworth community as it prominently displayed "Buy a home in Dilworth for rent money". Trolleys remained critical to Charlottes development until car No. 85, the last to run, ceased operations in March 1938. Interestingly, this same car was used for many purposes over the years and was about to be scrapped when it was located by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission and meticulously restored as part of a project to bring Trolleys back to Charlotte. Since 1996, Car No. 85 once again proudly shuttles passengers from Southend, a neighborhood to adjacent to Dilworth, to Charlotte&#39;s urban center.</p><br>
<p>Sedgefield Park serves as a Pedestrian connection to bordering Sedgefield.</p><br>
<p>The streets of Dilworth feature stately, mature oak trees, sidewalks, and houses with front porches. The homes are primarily bungalows &mdash; with the occasional Queen Anne &mdash; and some larger, two-story Colonial Revivals lining Dilworth Road East and West. East Boulevard serves as the main thoroughfare through the neighborhood. East Boulevard is lined with restaurants, offices and shops, many located in renovated homes. Charlotte’s largest hospital, Carolinas Medical Center, is in Dilworth. This 861-bed teaching hospital is the region’s only Level 1 trauma center.</p><br>
<p>Much of the neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Dilworth Historic District. The district encompasses 1,389 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. The district was listed in 1987, with a boundary increase in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Dorset Mountain located in Vermont, on the border of Rutland and Bennington counties, is a mountain of the Taconic Range. The highest summit of Dorset Mountain is within the town of Danby. An unmaintained hiking trail ascends Dorset Peak from the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Dorset Mountain was once the proposed site of a controversial alpine ski resort project in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Dorset Mountain is flanked to the south by Netop Mountain, Dorset Hill, and Mount Aeolus; to the west by The Scallop; to the northwest by Woodlawn Mountain; and to the southwest by Spruce Peak and The Gallop, subordinate peaks on the combined northern ridge of Bear Mountain and Mother Myrick Mountain. All of these mountains are of the Taconic Range. To the east, Dorset Mountain is flanked by Peru Peak and Styles Peak of the Green Mountains. The east face of Dorset Mtn. drains into the upper part of Otter Creek, thence into Lake Champlain, and ultimately into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in Canada. The northern slopes of Dorset Mtn. drain into Mill Brook, thence into Otter Creek. The southwestern slopes drain into the Mettawee River, and thence into the south bay of Lake Champlain. The southeastern extension of Dorset&#39;s massif drains into Batten Kill, thence into the Hudson River, and into New York Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Dorset Mountain is home to the largest underground marble quarry in the world. The quarry is entered through the same opening that has been in use for over 100 years. The mine is 1 ½ miles deep, and this is where Danby Marble is quarried. Vermont Quarries Corporation took over the production and operation of the famous Danby Marble quarry in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Krabi River  is a river in Southern Thailand. The Krabi river is 5 kilometres long, as it is the main channel within a larger estuary to the Andaman Sea. The other two main channels are the Yuan River to the south and Chi Lat to the west. The 31 km upper stretch of the river are named Khlong Krabi Yai, which originates at the Phanom mountain.</p><br>
<p>The estuary of the Krabi river is listed as Ramsar wetland number 1100 since July 5 2001. The protected area of 213 km² covers more than 100 km² of mangrove forests and 12 km² of up to 2 km wide tidal mudflats. The area is popular with birdwatchers coming to spot some of the most diverse and rare species in the world, the masked finfoot and the brown-winged kingfisher to name just a few.</p><br>
<p>The town - Krabi has a reputation for its tourism. It is situated along the seaboard of the Andaman Sea. This town gave the Krabi river its name.</p><br>
<p>Pagoi  is a village in the northwestern part of Corfu Island in Greece. It is a community of the municipal unit Agios Georgios. The community consists of the villages Pagoi, Agios Georgios, Prinylas and Vatonies. The community has a population of 511 at the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h2>Villages</h2><br>
<h3>Pagoi</h3><br>
<p>The village Pagoi had 304 inhabitants at the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h3>Agios Georgios Pagon</h3><br>
<p>The village Agios Georgios Pagon had 68 inhabitants at the 2011 census. It was developed as a tourist resort in the third quarter of the 20th century. It has a few old buildings, including the Saint George church and the Tsimpougis house. Ruins of an older settlement that was destroyed by a landslide are situated on the beach.</p><br>
<h3>Prinylas</h3><br>
<p>The village Prinylas had 70 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The village is built in a panoramic setting above Agios Georgios Bay. It was the seat of the Byzantine Decarch, as mentioned in 1200. A common last name is Gialopsos. It is a settlement with characteristic streets, houses and archives from the 17th century. Prinyla is a well-preserved village, and has a church, Agios Nikolaos, that was constructed in the 14th century.</p><br>
<h3>Vatonies</h3><br>
<p>The village Vatonies had 69 inhabitants at the 2011 census. Vatonies has a church Agion Apostolon and a tavern.</p><br>
<h3>Use in James Bond film</h3><br>
<p>The area was used as a filming location in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, where Bond (played by Roger Moore) and Melina Havelock (Carole Bouquet) fled from villains in their yellow Citroen 2CV.</p><br>
<h2>Last names</h2><br>
<p>Common last names of the area are:</p><br>
<p>Payatakis (probably from Crete 17th century</p><br>
<p>Romeo (probably from ancient Italy or Crete 17th century)</p><br>
<p>Ruva (probably from ancient Italy or Crete 17th century)</p><br>
<p>Sinadinos (probably from Sinada in minor Asia 13th century)</p><br>
<p>Platamon  is a town and sea-side resort in south Pieria, Central Macedonia, Greece. Platamon has a population of about 2,000 permanent inhabitants. It is part of the Municipal unit of East Olympos of the Dio-Olympos municipality.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient settlement Herakleion was situated near the present town Platamon. In 169 BC. the Romans took their military camp on the plain between Herakleion and ancient Leivithra to start their campaign against Macedonia. Its most famous landmark is the 12th century Byzantine Castle of Platamon, built strategically along the main road from Thessaly to Macedonia through the Vale of Tempe.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Platamon is situated on the Aegean Sea coast, 25 km southeast of Mount Olympus. Adjacent beach towns are Neoi Poroi to the southeast and Neos Panteleimonas to the northwest. It is 33 km south of Katerini and 43 km northeast of Larissa. The town is well known for its vast natural springs and its therapeutic spas.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Platamon is regarded as one of the most significant tourist destinations in Northern Greece. The town is home to numerous restaurants, cafeterias, hotels and camping resorts. Platamon is connected to the cities of Katerini and Larissa through the bus and fast railway transportation system.</p><br>
<p>Platamon is on the European route E 75 which is part of the International E-road network, which is a series of main roads in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The E 75 starts at the town of Vardø on the Barents Sea and it runs south through Finland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, the Republic of Macedonia and Greece. The tourism sector based on this Huge infrasturctor which provides safety to the drive tourists and minimize the travel time.</p><br>
<p>Platamon as a resort and fishing village have a great Marina - Port in the center of the Village. Αfter the completion of the infrastructural upgrades in spring of 2014, “Platamon Savvi Marine provide more than 90 slips for vessels up to 65 ft as well as cruisers and Megayachts.</p><br>
<p>Being located in the heart of the popular resort, customers will have at their disposal all needed facilities such as public transport, hotels, rental agencies, medical offices and pharmacies, dry cleaners, super markets and many others.</p><br>
<p>Marina provides customers the opportunity to take part in activities such as daily tours, water sports, fishing and diving, while being the starting place for trips in the great mountainous nature.Platamon, a graphic village easily accessible via highway and train station is one of the most popular summer destinations with plenty hotels, beach bars, taverns, restaurants, and cafes.</p><br>
<p>Located in the foothills of mountain Olympus, and framed by the beautiful castle of Platamon it is the ideal starting point for shorter exursions to Chalkidiki, Sporades islands (Skiathos, Skopelos, Allonisos etc. ) and the north aegean sea but also provides a dreamy anchorage for those who wish to enjoy the coast of Pieria and the nearby mountain destinations.</p><br>
<p>During summertime the population reaches approximately 120,000 because of the number of visitors and tourists. A great number of tourists come from eastern countries as well as from local Greek towns such as Larissa and Katerini.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Akadimia Platamona (Platamon Academy) is a Greek football club, based in Platamon, Pieria. In 2012, the club were promoted to Football League 2 after finishing the champions of Group 3 of Delta Ethniki, the fourth tier of the Greek football league system. Eventually the small club decided that promotion to this level was a step too far and they cooperated with Aiginiakos who took over their place at the third level. Akadimia Platamona still exist having been demoted to the Local Championship of Pieria for the 2012/13 season. The club play their home matches at the Neoi Poroi Stadium in nearby Neoi Poroi.</p><br>
<p>The Mystic Valley Parkway is a parkway in Arlington, Medford, Somerville, and Winchester, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and forms part of Route 16.</p><br>
<p>The parkway runs roughly north–south from the Middlesex Fells in Winchester, down the Aberjona River valley, and along the east side of the Mystic Lakes into Medford. This section follows the path of the old Middlesex Canal. It then crosses the Mystic River into Arlington (sharing a bridge with Massachusetts Route 60), and curves to follow the river as it runs east–west through Arlington. A short branch also runs along the southern shore of the Lower Mystic Lake from Route 60 where it ends at a junction with USA Route 3 and Massachusetts Route 2A. It meets the Alewife Brook Parkway (and joins with Massachusetts Route 16) at a rotary near where Alewife Brook empties into the Mystic, and then continues to generally follow the course of the Mystic River downstream, crossing it several times before ending at the Revere Beach Parkway where both meet Massachusetts Route 28.</p><br>
<p>The parkway, with surrounding landscape, forms part of Boston&#39;s Metropolitan Park District, established in 1893. The parkway itself was designed in 1894-1895 by the Olmsted Brothers, the noted landscape architects, with Charles Eliot taking a lead role. It was originally created as one section of a web of pleasure roads designed for their aesthetics, as part of a comprehensive plan for green spaces in and around Boston.</p><br>
<p>Lantern slides in the Library of Congress collection, Courtesy of the Frances Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, offer views of the Parkways in published in 1895.</p><br>
<p>It now forms part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston, and on January 18, 2006, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.</p><br>
<p>Chahta Tamaha  was an important town in the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory that served as the Choctaw capital from 1863 to 1883. The town grew up around the Armstrong Academy. The townsite is located in present-day Bryan County, Oklahoma. Today nothing is left of the town or the Academy. However, the Armstrong Academy Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Foundation until the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Armstrong Academy was founded as a school for Choctaw boys in 1844. It was named after William Armstrong, a popular agent of the Choctaws.</p><br>
<p>The site was selected because there was a good fresh water spring with enough current to run a gristmill. A large wood supply was available.</p><br>
<p>The first classroom buildings and dormitories were built of logs from the area. In the late 1850s a brick building replaced the log building. A two-story brick addition was added later. A trading post, blacksmith and church were established early on.</p><br>
<p>As a school the average attendance was about 65 students though in 1859 it had about 100 students.</p><br>
<p>"The mission was transferred from the American Indian Mission Association to the Domestic Board of Southern Baptist Convention."</p><br>
<p>The Baptist Missionary Society of Louisville, Kentucky directed activities until 1855.</p><br>
<h3>As Choctaw capital/Chahta Tamaha</h3><br>
<p>During the Civil War the academy closed. Part of the building was used as a Confederate Hospital. The Choctaw Council met there in 1863, and the Choctaw capital was transferred there during the same year.</p><br>
<p>The United Nations of Indian Territory delegates (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, and Caddo) met here with the Confederacy to plan war strategy.</p><br>
<p>Commercial activities increased during that time.</p><br>
<h3>Capital moved</h3><br>
<p>Chahta Tamaha remained the capital of the Choctaw Nation until 1883, when the capital was relocated to Tuskahoma. In that same year the Armstrong Academy again became a school. Admission was limited to orphaned boys.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction</h3><br>
<p>The Armstrong Academy was destroyed by fire in February 1921. The Federal government refused to rebuild it, and today the area has reverted to its original state as a deserted pasture. Nothing remains of the town but rubble from the Armstrong Academy.</p><br>
<p>Trúc Bạch Lake  is one of the many lakes in the city of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. It is known outside Vietnam as the site where future United States politician John McCain landed during the Vietnam War after being shot down.</p><br>
<p>Trúc Bạch Lake is located northwest of Hanois Old Quarter, immediately adjacent to the eastern shore of the citys largest lake, the West Lake (Hồ Tây), a former branch of the Red River whose west bank is nearby. Trúc Bạch Lake was separated from the West Lake by the construction of a narrow dike (Cổ Ngư, "reinforcement") in the 17th century to allow raising fish. The inhabitants of the Truc Yen Village, located on the south shore of the newly formed lake, were in the business of making bamboo blinds and hence cultivated a small variety of bamboo. In 1957 and 1958, major Thanh Niên Road was built between the lakes. In 1730s, the Trịnh Lord Trịnh Giang had Trúc Lâm Palace constructed on the lake shore. The building first served as a pleasure palace but was later converted into a prison for royal concubines found guilty of crime. The silk they produced, known as "Bamboo Village Silk" became famous for its beauty.</p><br>
<p>The lake front is open only along Thanh Niên Road, the other sides are occupied by houses and residential streets. The lake is among the most seriously polluted in Hanoi. Nearby historical sites include: Quán Thánh Temple to the southwest of the lake, Châu Long Pagoda to the east, An Trì Temple (dedicated to the worship of a hero from the war against the Chinese Yuan Dynasty) on Phó Đức Chính Street, and Cẩu Nhi temple on a small hill near the northern corner of the lake.</p><br>
<p>On October 26, 1967, during the Vietnam War, US Navy aviator John McCain was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile on a mission against a Hanoi power plant and parachuted wounded into Trúc Bạch Lake, nearly drowning. He was dragged out of the water and beaten by city residents angry at having seen the area laid to waste by previous USA attacks. He was later taken away as a prisoner of war. A monument celebrating the downing of "Tchn Sney Ma Can" was erected at the western shore on Thanh Niên Road; McCain saw it on his first journey back to Vietnam in 1985.</p><br>
<p>White Cap Mountain is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine. White Cap Mtn. is flanked to the east by Hay Mountain, to the south by Big Spruce Mountain and to the southeast by Little Spruce Mountain.</p><br>
<p>White Cap Mountain lies within the watershed of the Pleasant River, a tributary of the Piscataquis River, which drains into the Penobscot River, and into Penobscot Bay. The east side of White Cap drains into B Inlet Brook, then into B Pond, Guernsey Brook, and the East Branch of the Pleasant River. The north and northwest sides of White Cap drain into the West Branch Ponds, then into the West Branch of the Pleasant River. The south side of White Cap drains into Greenwood Brook, then into the West Branch of the Pleasant.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, runs along the four-mile-long ridge of hills to the east, across the summit of White Cap.</p><br>
<p>Coburn Mountain is a mountain located in Somerset County, Maine.</p><br>
<p>Coburn Mtn. lies within the watershed of the Kennebec River. The northern end of the southeast side of Coburn drains into Mountain Brook, then into Cold Stream and the Kennebec River. The southern end drains into Salmon Stream, then into the Dead River, another tributary of the Kennebec River. The southwest end of Coburn drains into Enchanted Pond and Enchanted Stream, then into the Dead River. The northwest side of Coburn drains into Horse Brook and Fourmile Brook, then into the Moose River and the Kennebec. The north end of Coburn drains into Piel Brook, then into Parlin Stream and the Moose River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain got its name from two brothers who owned and logged most of the land in the area, Philander and Abner Coburn.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>At 3,717 feet above sea level, the summit of Coburn Mountain is the highest groomed snowmobile trail in the state. Currently, the club responsible for the trail&#39;s upkeep and maintenance is the. The trail to the summit is 2 miles long, climbing 2,500 feet. The trail is divided into two sections with a spot to turn around in between. The first section to the radio repeater tower is groomed regularly and easily doable by any rider. The final one mile from the repeater tower to the top is recommended only for experienced snowmobilers. It is a narrow, winding, steep trail which is groomed only when conditions allow. An abandoned fire tower remains on the summit providing clear 360 degree views of the area to adventurous hikers and snowmobilers.</p><br>
<p>The mountain also used to be home to the "ill-fated" Enchanted Mountain Ski Area which operated on the south facing slope from 1966-1974.</p><br>
<p>The Tuffbach, also known locally as the Weissbach, originates in the Lepsius tunnel at the abandoned quarry of Hötting at 720 metres above sea level. It runs in a southerly direction past the Englishman&#39;s Tomb to the Hoher Weg where it merges near the old Hungerburg railway bridge with the Inn. The stream lies entirely within the municipal territory of Innsbruck.</p><br>
<p>Although the stream is only 1.5 kilometres long, it has an interesting feature. At one point its waters drop through a height of 12 metres to form the Weissbach Waterfall (Weissbachfall), which is audible and visible from the nearby street. A small hotel has built a power plant there and uses the electricity generated for domestic requirements. Around the basin are canals, which divert the water in case of emergency.</p><br>
<p>Normally the water is of Grade B quality. Another feature is the high water speed near the mouth (~120 km/h).</p><br>
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<p>Jebel Shams جبل شمس,  is a mountain located in northeastern Oman north of Al Hamra town. It is the highest mountain of the country and part of Al Hajar Mountains range. It is a popular sightseeing area located 240 km  from Muscat. In the summer, temperature is around 20 °C  and in the winter it drops to less than 0 °C .</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<h3>North Summit</h3><br>
<p>The Jebel Shams true highest point is the North Summit, which is occupied by a military base and is a restricted area. The Ministry of Tourism, Sultanate of Oman, states the North Summit to be 3009 m (9872 ft) high.</p><br>
<h3>South Summit</h3><br>
<p>Jebel Shams has a second summit, the South Summit, which is publicly accessible for via the W4 Trail, marked by the Oman Ministry or Tourism, as published in. The elevation of the second south summit is 2997 m (9832 ft).</p><br>
<p>The New York Marble Cemetery is a historic cemetery founded in 1830, and located in the interior of the block bounded by East 2nd and 3rd Streets, 2nd Avenue, and Bowery, in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It is entered through an alleyway with an iron gate at each end, located between 41 and 43 Second Avenue. About 2,100 burials are recorded in the cemetery&#39;s written registers, most from prominent professional and merchant families in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The New York Marble Cemetery, which was New York City&#39;s first non-sectarian burial place, should not be confused with the nearby New York City Marble Cemetery one block east, which is entirely separate, and was established one year later. Both cemeteries were designated New York City landmarks in 1969, and in 1980 both were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded as a commercial undertaking of Perkins Nichols, who hired two lawyers, Anthony Dey and George W. Strong, to serve as organizing trustees. Recent outbreaks of yellow fever led city residents to fear burying their dead in coffins just a few feet below ground, and public health legislation had outlawed earthen burials. Nichols intended to appeal to this market by providing underground vaults for burial.</p><br>
<p>Dey and Strong purchased the property on Nichols&#39;s behalf, on what was then the northern edge of residential development, on July 13, 1830, and Nichols had the 156 underground family vaults, each the size of a small room, constructed from Tuckahoe marble and laid out in a grid of six columns by 26 rows. He was then reimbursed from the sale of the vaults.</p><br>
<p>Access to each pair of barrel vaults is by the removal of a stone slab set well below the grade of the lawn, which has no monuments or markers. Marble tablets mounted in the long north and south walls give the names of the original vault owners - though not the names of burials - and indicate the precise location of each corresponding underground vault. As of May 2011, parts of the north wall had collapsed, and other sections of it were reinforced with steel buttresses.</p><br>
<p>Nichols, Dey & Strong, and the subscribers applied to the New York State Legislature for a special act of incorporation, and this was granted on February 4, 1831. According to a historical plaque on the cemetery&#39;s entrance gate "Descendants of the 19th century owners may still be buried here."</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>According to the cemetery&#39;s website, it is usually open on the fourth Sunday of the month from April to October, as well as on other weekends during the year.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Gurdon Buck, pioneer plastic surgeon</p><br>
<p>Aaron Clark, Whig mayor of New York City from 1837-39</p><br>
<p>Theodore Gordon, angler and sage of the Neversink River</p><br>
<p>John Wheeler Leavitt, prominent merchant, grandfather of artist Cecilia Beaux</p><br>
<p>Stevens T. Mason, first governor of Michigan, later reinterred in Capitol Park, Detroit</p><br>
<p>David Olyphant, a merchant involved in trade with China</p><br>
<p>Luman Reed American art patron</p><br>
<p>Uriah Scribner, merchant, and Charles Scribner, publisher, later reinterred at Woodlawn</p><br>
<p>James Tallmadge, Jr., Congressman (1817–19) and New York University Council President</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Wright, Chief Engineer for the Erie Canal</p><br>
<p>Prominent New York uppertens families such as the Beeckmans, Hones, Hoyts, Quackenbushes, Varicks and Van Zandts have vaults in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Giant Mountain is the twelfth-highest peak in the High Peaks Region of the Adirondack Park, in New York, USA. The peak is also known as "Giant of the Valley," due to its stature looking over Keene Valley and St. Huberts to the west. The prominent rock slides on the mountain&#39;s steep western face and its location away from most other large peaks make it quite an imposing figure, leading to its name.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>On 2 June 1797, Charles Broadhead and his survey party made the first recorded ascent of Giant Mountain, recorded as Giant-of-the-Valley. They were surveying the boundaries of the Old Military Tract. Broadhead&#39;s was the first recorded ascent of any of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>There are three main trails up Giant, one from the east, and two from the west. The two most popular routes begin on trailheads along New York State Route 73, one near St. Huberts ("Roaring Brook Trail") and the other near Chapel Pond ("Zander Scott Trail"). The two trails climb the southern ridge of the mountain, meeting up about a mile south of the summit. The Zander Scott Trail is shorter than the Roaring Brook Trail but steeper.</p><br>
<p>The third trail begins from the east, near the town of New Russia, and is not as commonly climbed due to the longer hike. The route climbs Bald Peak, a smaller mountain with unusual krummholz that is predominately Northern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis), then begins the ascent of Rocky Peak Ridge. After summiting Rocky Peak Ridge, hikers descend a small coll before ascending to the Giant summit. This route is more commonly used by those attempting to become Adirondack Forty-Sixers, since Rocky Peak is a required peak.</p><br>
<p>The subglacial Esjufjöll volcano at the SE part of the Vatnajökull icecap, north of Öraefajökull volcano, consists of the Snaehetta central volcano and a large caldera. Most of the volcano, including the 40 km caldera, is covered by the icecap, but parts of the SE flank are exposed in NW-SE-trending ridges. Most of the exposed rocks are mildly alkaline basalts, but small amounts of rhyolitic rocks are also present. A large jökulhlaup that came down the Jokulsa a Breidamerkursandi along the coast SE of Vatnajökull in the beginning of September 1927 was accompanied by a sulfur stench, and on one occasion, ash fall on the Breidamerkurjökull considered to have possibly originated from Esjufjöll. Although Holocene eruptions have not been confirmed from Esjufjöll, earthquake swarms that could indicate magma movements were detected in October 2002, and recently in October 2010.</p><br>
<p>Rocky Peak Ridge is the twentieth highest peak in the High Peaks Region of the Adirondack Park of New York, United States. The name of the mountain is due to its geology, a rocky ridge to the east of the better known Giant Mountain. The long, bare ridge is unusual in the Adirondacks; it resulted from the last great forest fire in the region, in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Ascents</p><br>
<p>There are two trails leading to the top of the peak. One trail, leaving from the town of New Russia, is about a ten-mile round trip with a few, steep rock scrambles along the way. The more commonly used trail splits from the Giant Mountain Trail at about 0.1 mile below Giant&#39;s summit. The trail descends steeply from Giant for 0.4 mile and then goes gently uphill for 0.8 mile.</p><br>
<p>Views</p><br>
<p>Rocky Peak Ridge provides unobstructed 360-degree views from the highpoint and many lookouts along the ridgeline. The views of Giant Mountain, the Great Range, Dix Mountain Wilderness, Lake Champlain and Vermont are spectacular and well worth the 1.2 mile hike from just below the summit of Giant.</p><br>
<p>Torfajökull  is a rhyolitic stratovolcano and complex of subglacial volcanoes, located north of Mýrdalsjökull and south of Þórisvatn Lake, Iceland. Torfajökull last erupted in 1477 and consists of the largest area of silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland.</p><br>
<p>The volcano&#39;s eruption around 870 has left a thin layer of tephra all over Iceland. This layer makes possible to determine the exact dates of many archeological finds, like in the Reykjavík 871±2 museum.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, the glacier is named for Torfi Jónsson í Klofa, an Icelandic historical figure. When the plague arrived in Iceland in 1493, Torfi fled with his family and his belongings into the highlands and settled in a valley surrounded by the glacier.</p><br>
<p>According to another legend, the glacier is named for Torfi, a farm worker at a nearby farm. Torfi eloped with the farmer&#39;s daughter and fled to the glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Ranck Round Barn is a round barn in Waterloo Township near the Fayette-Wayne County, Indiana county line. It is one of many round barns built in Indiana during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Of the round barns built in eastern Indiana during this period the Ranck Round Barn stands out as one of the most elaborately designed structures. The Thomas Ranck Round Barn was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in January 1983.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1904, the Ranck Round Barn is a large and wood frame barn. It is part of a complex of buildings on the southeast portion of the McDivitt property in Brownsville, Indiana. Erected on a bank with a concrete foundation, the barn is 70 ft in diameter, and is 70 ft tall. The open structure consists of three circular tiers stacked on top of one another. The top section forms a cupola.</p><br>
<p>Isaac McNammee constructed the Ranck Barn in 1904 for Thomas and Nancy Ranck. McNammee built several round barns in the area, and patented his design for a self-supporting conical roof in 1905. The Ranck farm was purchased in 1937 by a local veterinarian and his wife, Ralph and Tena Carmack. In 1945, Emmett and Mary McDivitt purchased the property.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The lower level is made of studs about 2&#39;6" on center. Joists span in various directions to make a platform for the second level. At this level the main drum has studs with rhythmically spaced angle bracing reaching to the upper first roof plate. These braces are paired and spaced and have intermediate stiffening diagonals. Each upper drum rests on a laminated sill/plate, which apparently acts as a tension ring.</p><br>
<p>An earthen ramp slopes up to the main entrance for the upper level on the west side. The doorway is in a projecting bay with a low gambrel roof. It has two sliding wooden doors consisting of three horizontal panels, with diagonally bracing in the top and bottom panels. At grade access is provided on the north side. Another pair of wooden doors once hung from the shed roof overhang, which has been removed. The barn roof is a series of truncated cones. The cupola has a conical cap. The roof is covered in gray asphalt shingles. The overhanging eaves have exposed rafters and fascia. Small windows provide light and ventilation on the main and lower floor. At the loft level, there are small, square, fixed windows around the building. In the cupola, square, louvered vents have replaced the windows, which were the same shape as those at the loft level.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The main level has an earth floor. Divided by wood partitions, the floor serves as a storage area for equipment and supplies. On this level is a one-story wooden corncrib. Two grain bins, 10 by are located in the center.</p><br>
<p>The interior is open to the roof of the cupola. A hayloft extends overs about 1/3 of the main floor. It is supported by paired brackets and diagonal beams placed between the brackets in each pair.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Ranck, or McDiyitt, Round Barn is significant as one of the best-preserved of Indiana&#39;s round barns. This local landmark is essentially unaltered, and has been well maintained over the years. The barn has no system of central support for its three-tier roof, and few structural members more than. 2 ½ inches thick. Its remarkable construction makes it an outstanding example of stick carpentry engineering.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Ranck Round Barn is 70 feet in diameter at its base and stands 70 feet tall. The barn features two rows of clerestories set between round lantern conical roofs which decrease in size with height. The building&#39;s west entrance has a pavilion with a gambrel roof.</p><br>
<p>The Pete French Round Barn, located near Burns, Oregon, United States, is a round barn listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The late 19th century barn was owned and constructed by cattle rancher Peter French; French trained horses there during the winter. The barn was listed on the National Register on September 10, 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This round barn was constructed sometime in the late 1870s or early 1880s. There were originally two&mdash;or possibly three&mdash;in the vicinity, but this is the only round barn remaining. They were used to break horses during the winter. Three hundred to one thousand horses were moved through each year.</p><br>
<p>The French family donated the site to the state of Oregon in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The interior of the barn consists of a circular rock wall, constructed with local rock and mud, which encloses the central stable area. The remainder of the structure is constructed from lumber that was hauled to the site from 60 miles to the north. The interior is unique in that it is supported by juniper posts. The center area was used as a horse stable; around the outside of the rock wall, there is a covered circular track that was used to exercise horses during winter months. The barn looks much as it did when cattleman Pete French constructed it.</p><br>
<p>Ranger Peak  is in the northern Teton Range, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The peak is located slightly northwest of and across Jackson Lake from Colter Bay Village. Colter Canyon is to the north while Waterfalls Canyon is immediately southeast of the peak, but there are no maintained trails in the area. Access to the summit involves off trail hiking and scrambling. The top of the mountain is more than 4,500 ft above Jackson Lake.</p><br>
<p>On March 7, 2012, Chris Onufer and Steve Romeo, both local residents and considered expert skiers, were killed by an avalanche on Ranger Peak. The avalanche originated in a couloir on the north side of Waterfalls Canyon at the 10,300 ft level and travelled more than 3,000 ft down the mountain slope into the canyon.</p><br>
<p>The Bull Ring is a Class II henge that was built in the late Neolithic period near Dove Holes in Derbyshire, England.</p><br>
<p>It has coordinates 53.300695&deg;N latitude, 1.884423&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The henge consists of a large, circular earthwork, which is currently about 1 m high and 9 – wide; however it was originally 2 m high and 5.5 – wide. The henge has a ditch on the inside, which varies between 0.5 and deep and 8 and wide; it was originally 1.2 – deep and 5 – wide. The ditch and bank are separated by a berm, which was originally 5 m wide. It encloses an area 53 (north–south) by 46 (east–west) metres, with entrances to the north and south, each of which have a causeway across the ditch. A skeleton was reputedly found near the north entrance; this entrance was also damaged in the 19th century by quarrying. The centre of the henge was ploughed in the 18th century; a drystone wall was also built across the site during the same era.</p><br>
<p>A single standing stone (orthostat) was recorded as remaining in 1789 by Pilkington, potentially the remnant of a stone circle.</p><br>
<p>A minor excavation was carried out in the west ditch in 1902; this reputedly discovered some pottery sherds and flint flakes, which have since been lost. A trial excavation by Oxford University Archaeological Society in 1949 established that the ring has two entrances, and also provided information about the original size of the bank and ditch. However, it did not provide any evidence of stones on the site. The excavation also turned up flint flakes, as well as a rim from a pottery food vessel.</p><br>
<p>A third excavation was carried out in 1984 outside the south entrance, which found further flint flakes and pottery, several pits, and stakeholes of a fence following the henge bank, which are potentially original features of the henge. Most recently, Magnetometer and earth resistance surveys were carried out in 2000, with no conclusive results.</p><br>
<p>The oval barrow to the south-west of the henge is about 27 ×, and is approximately 2.5 m high. It was constructed some time in the early to mid-Neolithic period. A later (late Neolithic to late Bronze Age) bowl barrow is superimposed on it. The summit of the oval barrow was disturbed by a World War II slit trench; the edges of the barrow have also been disturbed by ploughing as well as a drystone wall, which has subsequently been removed. The barrow has not been excavated.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tohopekaliga Tohopeka ; Tohopekaliga, also referred to as Lake Toho, West Lake, or simply Toho, native name meaning "we will gather together here", is the largest lake located in Osceola County, Florida, United States. It is the primary inflow of Shingle Creek, which rises in Orlando. It covers 22,700 acre, and spans 42 mi in circumference. It is linked to East Lake Tohopekaliga by Canal 31 . The canal is 3 mi long and runs through western St. Cloud. South Port canal is located at the southern tip of the lake and links it to Cypress Lake. It is 4 mi long. Lake Toho is bordered on the northern shore by Kissimmee, on the eastern shore by Kissimmee Park, and South Port on the southern shore. Lake Tohopekaliga is known for its bass fishing and birdwatching. Lakefront Park is located at the South end of the lake and borders Lakeshore Blvd. Lakefront Park has a scenic walking path with benches where visitors may view the areas wide array of waterfowl, alligators, turtles and others. Lakefront park also has a miniature lighthouse, a childrens playground area, and is bordered on its west end by Big Toho Marina.</p><br>
<p>Tohopeka</p><br>
<p>Tohopekaliga</p><br>
<p>The Seminole Tribune 2 March 23, 2001</p><br>
<p>On Misinformation</p><br>
<p>James E. Billie</p><br>
<p>The Partin Ranch borders Lake Tohopeliga (we will gather</p><br>
<p>together here) and gives birth to the great Kissimmee. The</p><br>
<p>name Kissimmee originated between the 1750s and 1850s when</p><br>
<p>soldiers were pursuing Seminoles along the shore of Lake</p><br>
<p>Tohopekaliga and commenced to massacre the Indians when a</p><br>
<p>brave Seminole woman began screaming “Kish-a-me. No kill.</p><br>
<p>Kish-a-me. No kill!”</p><br>
<p>Miraculously, the soldiers did heed to her offer and this</p><br>
<p>lady sacrificed herself to save the remaining Seminoles who</p><br>
<p>escaped to the wild lands along the shores of what is now known</p><br>
<p>as “kish-a-me” or Kissimmee River.</p><br>
<p>This lake is also the origin of the Seminole’s legend of</p><br>
<p>the Kissimmee River. It is about a man who eats a fish found in a</p><br>
<p>hollow log away from the water. Though he is warned never to eat</p><br>
<p>anything out of place, he eats the fish and turns into a huge snake.</p><br>
<p>He crawls down to Okeechobee Lake and then to the Gulf, leaving</p><br>
<p>a winding river in his path.</p><br>
<p>The towns known as Orlando, Hollywood, Apopka,</p><br>
<p>Leesburg, Ocala, Lakeland, Winter Haven, Winter Park, Mount</p><br>
<p>Dora, Avon Park, all the way up to Gainesville are all areas where</p><br>
<p>people known as Seminoles and Miccosukees and Tequestas – and</p><br>
<p>many other groups of indigenous peoples – used to inhabit.</p><br>
<p>— James E. Billie has been publisher of the Seminole Tribune</p><br>
<p>and chairman of the Seminole Tribe of Florida since 1979.</p><br>
<p>http://www.semtribe.com/SeminoleTribune/Archive/2001/Seminole%20Tribune%20~%20March%2023,%202001.pdf</p><br>
<p>Seymour Island is an island in the chain of 16 major islands around the tip of the Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. Graham Land is the closest part of Antarctica to South America. It lies within the section of the island chain that resides off the west side of the peninsula&#39;s northernmost tip. Within that section, it lies slightly to the north of Snow Hill Island and just east of the larger key, James Ross Island, and its smaller, neighboring island, Vega Island.</p><br>
<p>Seymour Island is sometimes called Marambio Island or Seymour-Marambio Island, taking its resident Argentine base as its namesake (see section, Base Antárctica Marambio, below).</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>A wooden plaque and rock cairn stand at Penguins Bay, on the southern coast of Seymour Island. The plaque was placed on 10 November 1903 by the crew of the Argentinian Corvette Uruguay on a mission to rescue the members of the Swedish expedition led by Otto Nordenskiöld. The inscription on the plaque, placed where the two parties met, reads:</p><br>
<p>“10.XI.1903 Uruguay (Argentine Navy) in its journey to give assistance to the Swedish Antarctic expedition”.</p><br>
<p>The cairn was erected in January 1990 by Argentina at the site of the plaque in commemoration of the same event. The site has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 60), following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.</p><br>
<h2>Base Antárctica Marambio</h2><br>
<p>Located in the island is the Marambio Base which is the main Argentine base in Antarctica operating an airfield (ICAO SAWB) for wheeled landing the whole year. In winter the base has an average of 55 crew members, but in summer the population of the base can grow to 180.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The average temperatures on Seymour Island, as measured at Base Antárctica Marambio, are 1 &deg;C during the summer and −21 &deg;C during the winter. In the wintertime, however, strong winds can lower the wind chill temperature as low as −60 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Paleontological significance</h2><br>
<p>The rocks making up Seymour Island date mainly from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene. Successively younger rock formations found on the island are the López de Bertodano Formation (Cretaceous to early Paleocene) Sobral Formation and Cross Valley Formation (Paleocene) and La Meseta Formation (Eocene). Seymour Island has been referred to as the Rosetta Stone of Antarctic palaeontology, due to the unparalleled insight it provides into the geological and palaeontological history of the continent.</p><br>
<p>In December 1892 when Norwegian Captain, Carl Anton Larsen landed his ship, the Jason, on Seymour Island, he returned with more than maps of the territory, he found fossils of long-extinct species. Interestingly, Larsen&#39;s trip aboard the Jason was significantly more successful than his Swedish Antarctic Expedition journey between 1901 and 1904. During that trip, his ship, the Antarctic, was crushed and sunk by icebergs, and he and his crew were forced to weather fourteen months on the neighboring Snow Hill Island, surviving on penguins and seals. Ever since his voyage on the Jason, the island has been the subject of paleontological study.</p><br>
<p>The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (K-Pg) outcrops on Seymour Island in the upper levels of the López de Bertodano Formation. A small (but significant) iridium anomaly occurs at the boundary on Seymour Island, as at lower latitudes, thought to be fallout from the Chicxulub impactor in the Gulf of Mexico. Directly above the boundary a layer of disarticulated fish fossils occurs, victims of a disturbed ecosystem immediately following the impact event. but the extent to which these affected marine biodiversity is debated. Based on extensive marine fossil collections from Seymour Island, recent work has confirmed that a single and severe mass extinction event occurred at this time in Antarctica just as at lower latitudes.</p><br>
<p>Seymour Island has also been the site of much study of the Eocene period of climatic cooling, a process that culminated in the initiation of Antarctic glaciation. Studies of the fine fraction carbonate from sites in the Southern Ocean suggest that, rather than a monotonic decrease in temperature over the Eocene period, the middle of the epoch was punctuated by a brief duration of warming (Bohaty and Zachos, 2003).</p><br>
<p>Seymour Island has been a site of study of many fossils from this particular part of the Eocene period, during which there was a more flourishing ecosystem with diverse biota as a result of the warmer climate. A diverse array of fossilized species have been studied on the Island, including extinct penguin species (such as Palaeeudyptes klekowskii and Archaeospheniscus wimani), various species in the bivalvia class and various types of flora and fauna.</p><br>
<p>A fossil marsupial of the extinct family Polydolopidae was found on Seymour Island in 1982. This was the first evidence of land mammals having lived in Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>Further fossils have subsequently been found, including members of the marsupial orders Didelphimorphia (opossum) and Microbiotheria, as well as ungulates and a member of the enigmatic extinct order Gondwanatheria, possibly Sudamerica ameghinoi.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a German Reformed congregation. At this time, Methodists had not yet broken away from the Anglican Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church was not founded until 1784.</p><br>
<p>Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans licensed by the Methodist Church. They were licensed by St. Georges Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most of the black members out of St. Georges; eventually they founded the Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church and the African Methodist Episcopal denomination. Absalom Jones became an Episcopal priest.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s a court case saved the church from being demolished to make way for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. The case resulted in the bridge being relocated.</p><br>
<p>St. George’s has experienced many changes during its 242-year history. From 100 members in 1769, the church grew to a peak membership of 3,200 congregants in 1835. The Civil War and industrialization changed the neighborhood; the congregation was reduced to 25 by 1900.</p><br>
<p>Today the church is an active and vibrant Methodist congregation, tracing its roots back to its founding in 1769. The current pastor of St. Georges is Maridel Whitmore. St. Georges is one of the more than 500 churches in the Eastern PA Conference of the United Methodist Church (http://www.epaumc.org/).</p><br>
<p>St. George’s is committed to a theology of love and inclusion, to personal transformation by faith, and to putting God’s love to work in the community – the same core values as the first Methodist who met there. St. George&#39;s is also continuing with the ongoing work of reconciliation with African-American brothers and sisters for the racial injustices of the past.</p><br>
<h2>Early Philadelphia Methodist Society</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1767 and initially met in a sail loft on Dock Street. After meeting at the sail loft for a few years the fledgling Philadelphia Society moved on to their second meeting place which was a “public” house located at 8 Loxley Court, two blocks south of St. George’s. This house was owned by prominent Philadelphian Benjamin Lowley who also owned and lived at the house at 177 South 2nd Street, which had a balcony upon which George Whitefield had famously preached to thousands in years prior.</p><br>
<p>At the Methodist conference in England on August 16, 1768, Methodist founder John Wesley had presented the idea of sending preachers to America. At the conference the following year in Leeds on August 1–4, 1769, Joseph Pilmore and Richard Boardman volunteered to go to America to assist the Methodist societies already forming there and to build upon the years of work done by George Whitefield and others in the Great Awakening.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Pilmore and Richard Boardman volunteered to preach to the fledgling Methodist movement in the new world colonies. Pilmore and Boardman arrived in Philadelphia October 21, 1769. Boardman then moved on to New York to establish a base there and Pilmore stayed in Philadelphia, they then traded placed every four months after that.</p><br>
<p>In Philadelphia Pilmore and Boardman were welcomed by John Hood and Lambert Wilmer of the Philadelphia Society and soon after they met fellow Methodist preachers Robert Williams and the charismatic Captain Thomas Webb. The society grew rapidly under the guidance of the popular Pilmore and they were soon ready for a new meeting place to accommodate their growing numbers.</p><br>
<h2>Purchase of the building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>On Thursday, November 23, 1769 Joseph Pilmore wrote in his journal:</p><br>
<p>“We met to consult about getting a more convenient place to preach in. That we had would not contain half of the people who wished to hear the word and the winter was approaching, so that they could not stand without. Several places were mentioned, and application was made, but to no purpose. Though the ministers in general were pretty quiet, they did not approve of our preaching in their pulpits. In this, I could not blame them, especially as we form a society of our own, distinct from them and their congregations. What we should do, I could not determine: ground to build upon, might have been easily purchased, but we had no money; and besides we wanted the place immediately. At length we came to an agreement to purchase a very large Shell of a Church, that was build by the Dutch Presbyterians, and left unfinished for want of money. As the poor people had ruined themselves and families by building it, they were obliged to sell it to pay their Creditors. It was put up at public Auction, and sold for seven hundred pounds, though it cost more than two thousand! The circumstances that have attended this place, are very remarkable. The Church was built to support a Party-they spent their fortunes, and were thrown into gaol for debt-the Church was appoint to be sold be an Act of the Assembly-a Gentleman’s son, who was non compos mentis happened to step into the Auction room, and bought it-his Father, wanted to be off of the bargain, but could not, without proving the insanity of his son-rather than attempt this, he was willing to lose fifty pounds by the job. Thus the Lord provided for us-our way was made plain and we resolved to purchase e the place which we did for six hundred and fifty pound. How wonderful the Dispensations of Providence! Surely the very hairs of our heads are all numbered.”</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased for 650 pounds by Miles Pennington, a member of the Philadelphia Methodist Society, on the day of the purchase the Methodists took possession of the building and began worshiping there, which continues to this day. On Friday, November 24, 1769, the day after the purchase, Pilmore dedicated the unfinished building with a sermon to 100 worshipers upon the text, “Who are thou, O great mountain? Before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain, and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof with shoutings, crying grace, grace upon it.”</p><br>
<p>The purchase price did not include the grounds, which were owned by a Dr. Shippen, which was rented to the Society at 70 pounds sterling annually, redeemable within ten years by the payment of 400 pounds. In late 1782 Francis Asbury began an effort to pay off the rest of the grounds and accomplished this task by June 25, 1802.</p><br>
<p>The corner stone of the building is dated 1763. The building was “a mere shell” when purchased with no paint, plaster, or interior finishing. It originally stood about two feet above the street and took several steps to enter. The construction of the interior development slowly over the next several years, in 1784 the walls were plastered, and in 1790 the church was floored with more comfortable seats installed. The galleries were built in 1792.</p><br>
<p>In 1800 a portico was built for the front door. In 1836 the shallow cellar was excavated to allow a vestibule and a room below for a Sunday School, the portico was removed and the center window above the front door was inserted.</p><br>
<h2>Francis Asbury and The First American Conference</h2><br>
<p>Francis Asbury, later the first bishop of the Methodist Church, arrived in America on October 27, 1771 after a fifty-three-day ocean voyage from England and received at St. Georges. Asbury wrote in his journal, "...we were brought in the evening to a large church, where we met a considerable congregation. Mr. Pilmore preached. The people looked on us with pleasure, hardly knowing how to show their love sufficiently, bidding us welcome with fervent affection, and receiving us as the angels of God." Asbury preached for the first time at St. George’s the next day, his first American sermon out of approximately 16,500 that he preached over 270,000 miles of traveling back and forth across the colonies. He served St. Georges as pastor but also spent a great deal of time traveling around the colonies. Asbury worked tirelessly to bring Methodism to the new American nation as one of its leading itinerant ministers, traveling 270,000 miles on horseback and ordaining more than 4,000 ministers over the course of 45 years. The first conference at which Asbury presided in Philadelphia was held at St. George&#39;s on September 22–26, 1788.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1773 Thomas Rankin, who had been appointed by Methodist founder John Wesley as superintendent of the American Methodists, called the first American Methodist conference. Asbury and Rankin did not have a good relationship and at this conference Asbury was appointed to Baltimore. Maryland was an important bastion of Methodism at the time with 500 of its 1,600 members in that colony. Rankin then had a series of appointments to New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.</p><br>
<h2>American Revolution</h2><br>
<p>The outbreak of the American Revolution signaled the beginning of a difficult time for the fledgling American Methodist Church. Church founder John Wesley spoke out against the colonial uprising and lost a great deal of influence in the colonies. Asbury declined to take the loyalty oath to the new revolutionary government and was fined. During a 20-month period during the revolution, Asbury retired at the home of Methodist Judge Thomas White near Dover, Delaware. With the colonies in disarray due to the impacts of war and the accompanying social upheaval, Asbury convened a conference of the northern preachers and virtually assumed control of the American Methodist societies.</p><br>
<p>In 1776 the Revolution was erupting across the colonies. Thomas Rankin had a premonition about the battle of Long Island Battle of Long Island. John Wesley had written "A Calm Address to the American Colonists", which created antipathy towards the Methodists by supporters of the revolution. Francis Asbury was harassed on several occasions, including being fined for preaching near Baltimore and once have his Chaise shot through, after which he went into hiding. Methodists were imprisoned and beaten for not supporting the rebellion.</p><br>
<p>In 1777, while the British army occupied Philadelphia, St. Georges was occupied for a time as a hospital and then as a riding school for the cavalry. During this time the St. Georges community worship at First Baptist Church on Front Street. For years after the war was over British military implements lay around the building. After the war the membership was reorganized with 50 people and Freeborn Garretson was appointed as preacher. The British army left the building in worse shape than they found it and following the war the church members began to build up the church, installing floorboards, seats, and a pulpit. The church was plastered in 1784. The galleries were added in 1790.</p><br>
<p>During the revolution a controversy had erupted over the issue of the American Methodists being required to receive ordinances and communion from Church of England clergy. This eventually let to the complete separation of the American Methodists from Wesley and Great Britain and the organization of a separate independent church. Wesley recognized the situation and sent Dr. Thomas Coke to America to consecrate Asbury as American church superintendent but Asbury refused until the office until he received the unanimous election of the preachers. This led to the assembling of the Christmas Conference in Baltimore from December 24, 1784 – January 3, 1785. At this conference Asbury and Coke were both elected as Superintendents, a title that was later changed to Bishop.</p><br>
<h2>African Methodist Episcopal split</h2><br>
<p>Early Methodists advocated on behalf of the marginalized black members of their society, both slaves and freed people. John Wesley, just six days before his death and after reading the testimony of former slave Gustavus Vassa wrote a letter to a member of Parliament in an unsuccessful attempt to pass abolition legislation that stated: "I see not how you can go through your glorious enterprise in opposing that execrable villainy, which is the scandal of religion, of England, and of human nature." Joseph Pilmore openly accepted and administered to the black community in Philadelphia and elsewhere in his ministry.</p><br>
<p>St. George’s licensed Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, the first black lay preachers in Methodism in 1784. Born a slave, Richard Allen purchased his freedom two years later in 1786, he then organized a "class" with 42 people, becoming its leader. In 1799 Allen was ordained by Asbury. The successful outreach of Allen and Jones drew a large community of black worshipers to the congregation. However, racial tensions flared, most notably in a seating policy segregating black members into a newly constructed upstairs gallery, without notification. One Sunday ushers attempted to forcibly move them. A number of black worshipers subsequently walked out of St. George’s in a body leading to the formation of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas and Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>On October 25, 2009 “The Great Gathering" took place at St. George&#39;s in which the community of Mother Bethel AME and St. George’s congregations gathered for Sunday worship at St. George’s for the first time since the historic walkout. The Rev. Dr. Mark Kelly Tyler preached for this service.</p><br>
<h2>Church name</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed to be a German Reform Church called “Georg Kirchen” in honor of the then reigning King George III of England. At first the Methodists referred to it as “our new meeting house”, but most likely at Pilmore’s suggestion the name was changed to St. George’s after the patron Saint of England, who was martyred in the Diocletian Persecution in the year 303.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1769</p><br>
<p>October 7 - First Methodist Hymnal published in America; printed at St. George’s</p><br>
<p>November 24 - Joseph Pilmore conducts and preaches The Dedication Service and first sermon in this building. St. George’s has been in continuous service to God and Methodism ever since.</p><br>
<p>December 3 - Pilmore delivers the rules, statement of faith and principles for American Methodists for the first time.</p><br>
<p>December 8 - The first formal Intercession or Prayer Meeting organized by American Methodists.</p><br>
<p>1770</p><br>
<p>March 23 - First Love Feast for Methodists conducted by Pilmore (see cups below)</p><br>
<p>November 1- America’s first Watch Night Service</p><br>
<p>December 31- First New Year’s Eve Watch Night Service in St. George’s, possibly America’s first.</p><br>
<p>1771</p><br>
<p>October 28- Francis Asbury preaches his first American sermon at St. George’s</p><br>
<p>1773</p><br>
<p>July 14 - First Conference of American Methodism takes place at St. George’s; also the second (May 25, 1774 and third, May 17, 1775)</p><br>
<p>1775</p><br>
<p>Thomas Rankin records that many in the Continental Congress came to St. George’s to worship, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Betsy Ross, Dolly Madison and others.</p><br>
<p>1776</p><br>
<p>Robert Morris, banker & merchant, attended St. George’s New Year’s Eve Watch Night Service and goes forth the next morning to successfully raise funds for Washington’s army.</p><br>
<p>1784</p><br>
<p>November 7 - At St. George’s, Dr. Thomas Coke presents Wesley’s plan for the government of the Methodist Church in America to the public for the first time.</p><br>
<p>1785</p><br>
<p>St. George’s licensed Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, the first African American Lay Preachers of Methodism. Their successful evangelistic leadership drew a large community of African Americans to the church. As a result, racial tensions flared and after a time a progressively segregated seating policy for blacks brought Allen and Jones to lead the African congregation in a historic walkout leading to the formation of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas and Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>1789</p><br>
<p>August 17 - Rev. John Dickins opens the first Methodist Bookstore at St. George’s, laying the foundation for the Methodist Publishing House and the current Cokesbury Book Stores.</p><br>
<p>1791</p><br>
<p>Participated in organizing the first Interdenominational Sunday School Association.</p><br>
<p>1794</p><br>
<p>November - Officially recognized the African Zoar M.E. Church, led by Harry Hosier.</p><br>
<p>1851</p><br>
<p>November - “The Philadelphia Movement” was organized, which contributed significantly to the present day Lay Activities of the UMC.</p><br>
<p>1952</p><br>
<p>June 17 - Birthplace of the Northeastern Jurisdictional Board of Lay Activities.</p><br>
<p>1959</p><br>
<p>November, 24 - First St. George’s Banquet, honoring service in the building of our Lord’s kingdom.</p><br>
<p>1971</p><br>
<p>March 29 - St. George’s placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>2009</p><br>
<p>October 25 - “The Great Gathering”: Mother Bethel AME and St. George’s congregations gather for Sunday worship at St. George’s for the first time since the historic walkout (1787/92); the Rev. Dr. Mark Kelly Tyler preaching.</p><br>
<p>To reach Angora Lakes from Hwy 89, take the Fallen Leaf Lake Rd. turnoff for approximately 2 mi.  Turn left and climb to the top of the one-lane road and look for the dirt road and a sign reading "1214". From there an at times steep and at times paved road leads to fantastic vistas and ends in the Angora Lakes trailhead parking lot. There is a 1 mi uphill hike to Angora Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist activities</h2><br>
<p>The road to the lower parking lot is open from approximately May 1 to October 1, during which time the resort may be accessed on foot. At the resort at the upper lake, a small snack bar serves sandwiches, "world famous" lemonade, and ice cream. Rowboats, kayaks and paddle boards can be rented.</p><br>
<p>A cliff face at the upper lake can serve as a jumping platform. The highest ledge that is typically used is approximately sixty feet above the water. During the summer tourist season, jumps are frequent.</p><br>
<p>A narrow beach consisting of granite sand, located on the northwestern shore, is a popular spot for swimming and sunbathing.</p><br>
<p>Parking (fee-based) in the lot at the end of Angora Ridge Road is limited. On summer weekends the lot often fills by mid-morning. Parking along Angora Ridge Road is restricted.</p><br>
<h3>Water sports</h3><br>
<p>During the summer, the lake is popular for water sports, cliff jumping, and beach activities. The two cities most identified with the Lake Tahoe tourist area are South Lake Tahoe, California and the smaller Stateline, Nevada; smaller centers on the northern shoreline include Tahoe City and Kings Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Angora Fire of 2007</h2><br>
<p>The so-called "Angora Fire" started around 1:00 pm on Sunday, June 24, 2007 at the southern end of remote heavily forested land below Angora Ridge Road and extending from Meyers and Fallen Leaf Lake on the south and west, to Camp Richardson near Lake Tahoe&#39;s southern shore. Strong winds caused the fire to quickly spread uncontrolled through steep terrain. Most of the devastation to homes was near N. Upper Truckee Rd. where the fire destroyed 254 homes, damaged 26 homes, High winds initially spread the fire and caused most of the property losses, but much calmer conditions on the ensuing three days allowed firefighters to contain it 70% with firebreak lines around it.</p><br>
<p>No thunderstorms were in the area at the time and it is assumed that the fire was human-caused.</p><br>
<p>The ash from the fire that falls in Lake Tahoe is considered to be a problem for the clarity of Lake Tahoe and Governor Schwarzenegger of California pledged to spend the necessary funds to restore the land values adequately to prevent erosion from depositing the ash on the ground into the lake and further damaging it.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby peaks and mountains</h2><br>
<p>Echo Peak 8,895 ft (2,711.2 m)</p><br>
<p>Angora Peak 8,588 ft (2,617.6 m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Tallac 9,735 ft (2,967 m)</p><br>
<p>Ralston Peak 9,235 ft (2,814.8 m)</p><br>
<p>Pyramid Peak 9,985 ft (3,043.4 m)</p><br>
<p>North Keeling is a small, uninhabited coral atoll, approximately 1.2 km&sup2; in area, about 25 km north of Horsburgh Island. It is the northernmost atoll and island of the Australian territory of the Cocos  Islands. North Keeling comprises just one C-shaped island, a nearly closed atoll ring with a small opening into the lagoon, about 50 m wide, on the east side. The lagoon is about 0.5 km&sup2; in area. The island is home to the only surviving population of the endemic, and endangered, Cocos buff-banded rail, as well as large breeding colonies of seabirds. Since 1995, North Keeling Island and the surrounding sea to 1.5 km from shore have been within the Pulu Keeling National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are believed to have first been seen by Europeans in 1609 by Captain William Keeling, after whom they are named, of the East India Company on a journey from Java in the Dutch East Indies. North Keeling was sketched by Ekeberg, a Swedish captain, in 1749, showing the presence of coconut palms. It also appears on a 1789 chart produced by British hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple.</p><br>
<p>North Keeling was visited in 1836 by Captain Robert FitzRoy and his companion Charles Darwin in, who were, as with many other visitors, unable to land on the island.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century many people suffering from Beriberi were put ashore at the island. Several graves are present, some from these people, but also from shipwrecks.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of Cocos</h3><br>
<p>On 9 November 1914, the German cruiser attacked a wireless and cable station at Direction Island, attracting the attention of Australian cruiser. At 11:20, after an hour-and-a-half-long battle, the heavily damaged Emden was beached on North Keeling Island. By 1919, there were reports that the wreck had almost completely broken up and disappeared.</p><br>
<h3>Seabird hunting</h3><br>
<p>Between the First and Second World Wars, groups of about 20 Cocos Malays were stationed on the island for up to a fortnight at a time to harvest timber, coconuts and birds to take back to Home Island. In the 1970s and 1980s, the acquisition of more efficient boats and firearms led to an increase in seabird hunting and concern about its impact on the seabird breeding colonies.</p><br>
<h3>Pulu Keeling National Park</h3><br>
<p>In 1986, an agreement was reached between the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Cocos Malay people to restrict and sustainably manage any further hunting on North Keeling. In 1989 Cyclone John devastated the red-footed booby colony on North Keeling and legal hunting ceased to allow the population to recover. Since then no legal hunting has taken place.</p><br>
<p>The Pulu Keeling National Park was established on 12 December 1995. It is important as a breeding island for seabirds and marine turtles. It is home to the endemic Cocos buff-banded rail, Gallirallus philippensis andrewsi and to the Cocos angelfish.</p><br>
<p>The Park was declared for the following purposes:</p><br>
<p>the preservation of the area in its natural condition, and</p><br>
<p>the encouragement and regulation of the appropriate use, appreciation and enjoyment of the area by the public</p><br>
<p>Access is by permit only.</p><br>
<h3>Other protected area status</h3><br>
<p>The island is listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention on 17 March 1996, as Ramsar Site 797. The island has also been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area because it supports over 1% of the world populations of red-footed boobies, lesser frigatebirds and common noddies. It has what is possibly the largest red-footed booby colony in the world as well as the second largest population of lesser frigatebirds in Australian territory.</p><br>
<p>Rendezvous Mountain is a large mountain massif located in the southern Teton Range in the USA state of Wyoming. The highest point on Rendezvous Mountain is Rendezvous Peak . The west and northern flanks of the mountain are in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, while much of the remainder of the massif is in Bridger-Teton National Forest. The mountain massif extends for a distance of 5 mi between Granite Canyon to the north and Phillips Canyon to the south. Though there are numerous summits above 10,000 ft, the one that is most commonly visited is the North Peak, where the Jackson Hole Mountain Resort aerial tram provides access to the summit for skiers in the winter and sightseerings and hikers in the summer. The hike down the Rendezvous Mountain Trail to the Granite Canyon Trail has a descent of 4,100 ft over 12.3 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Cited references</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Bathurst Harbour is a shallow bay located in the south west region of Tasmania, Australia. Bathurst Harbour is contained within the Port Davey/Bathurst Harbour Marine Nature Reserve, and the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.</p><br>
<p>The harbour is an expansive, almost landlocked, shallow bay of relatively uniform depth ranging from 3 to 7 m, which provides safe anchorage from the Roaring Forties that buffet the western and southern coasts of Tasmania. The harbour is connected by the narrow 12 km-long Bathurst Channel to Port Davey, and then water flows into the Southern Ocean. Like most estuarine systems in southwest Tasmania, the water is stained a deep red-brown due to tannin leached from buttongrass and adjacent heathland.</p><br>
<h2>Features and location</h2><br>
<p>Bathurst Harbour is a large, rectangular, almost landlocked body of water located in the southwest corner of Tasmania. The harbour is surrounded by low-lying alluvial plains with mountain ranges running along the western and eastern shores. The North River, Old River, Ray River and Melaleuca Creek all drain into the harbour either directly or into one of the many offshoot bays and inlets connected to the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Almost all of the harbour is navigable by sailing vessels with no submerged rocks or navigational hazards except for a small area around Black Swan Island at Old Bay in the harbours north. Of the four main inflows only Melaleuca Creek is truly navigable and maintains a depth in excess of 2 - for more than 6.5 km upstream of "Claytons Corner" which provides marine access to Melaleuca. With the exception of the waters around the harbour entrance, most of the harbour has a relatively flat seabed with an average depth of 7 m. As with almost all of the estuarine system including the Bathurst Channel, the seabed falls sharply from the shore before hitting the level floor of the harbour which forms a gently sloping basin of mud and gravel with a maximum depth of 9.1 m near Dixon Island. Waters within a 2 - radius of the harbour entrance vary greatly in depth with three deep channels branching out from the entrance leaving deep shoals in between at a depth of 5 m. The true deepest point in the harbour is where the three channels meet between Platypus Point and Nixon Point which reaches 29 m due to the dredging action of the tide.</p><br>
<p>Bathurst Harbour, like the rest of the Bathurst Channel, is a ria formation caused by the inundation of a large valley and its associated alluvial plains. The glacially carved landscape of the region has resulted in the shape of the estuarine system being greatly different to other ria formations around Tasmania such as the Derwent Estuary, instead bearing close resemblance to artificial impoundments like Lake Pedder, 30 km to the north.</p><br>
<p>Bathurst Harbour is one of only two places in the world where the Maugean Skate, endemic to Tasmania, has been reported from. The main population is found in similar habitats in Macquarie Harbour to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement</h2><br>
<p>The land around the harbour is unpopulated with little infrastructure. Most buildings and structures in the vicinity of the harbour are located at Melaleuca which supports an airstrip, several light structures, boat moorings and remains from the tin mines in the early 1900s. A mining department camp was formerly located at Woureddy Bay on Melaleuca Creek and the homestead "Claytons Corner" is located at the mouth of Melaleuca Creek on Forest Lagoon which includes a timber jetty. At present the region has no permanent population, but has in time had a number reclusive inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Bathurst Harbour has no vehicular access of any kind. Access is instead provided by either boat, air or walking. The only marine access to the harbour is via the Bathurst Channel from Port Davey. Two walking tracks, South Coast Track and the Port Davey Track, provide land access via either Cockle Creek or Scotts Peak Dam. An airstrip at Melaleuca gives the only aerial access to the region and is in turn connected to the main walking tracks.</p><br>
<p>Teepe Pillar  is located in the Teton Range, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, immediately south of Grand Teton. The peak is the seventh highest in the Teton Range. Teepe Pillar is separated from Grand Teton by a col which drops sharply to the east and west. Northeast of and well below the summit, the Teepe Glacier is situated in a cirque. From Jackson Hole, Teepe Pillar is difficult to observe except from the northeast as it is hidden from view by Disappointment Peak.</p><br>
<p>Best access to the summit is by way of Garnet Canyon to the Lower Saddle, a broad plateau which divides Grand Teton from Middle Teton. The summit is easiest to reach when approached from the west; however, true to its name, the pillar is a steep technical climb from every direction, involving up to 5 pitches at Class 5.4 to reach the summit.</p><br>
<p>Disappointment Peak  is in the Teton Range of Wyoming, in Grand Teton National Park and immediately southeast of Grand Teton. The peak is part of the Cathedral Group, a region of the Tetons noted for particularly rugged mountains. Disappointment Peak rises to the north of Garnet Canyon and to the west of Amphitheater and Surprise lakes. The peak has a variety of mountaineering routes, including the most difficult in the range.</p><br>
<p>Disappointment Peak was given its name in 1925 when four Colorado climbers, led by Phil Smith (who was soon to become the first park ranger), set out to climb the Grand, but found an impasse on this peak where a 450 foot drop is encountered to the saddle between the two summits. After a failed rappel attempt, they gave the peak this name. They were later satisfied to learn they had made a first ascent.</p><br>
<p>Brandreth is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands between Great Gable and Haystacks in the Western Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north-east and Wasdale to the south-east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect beinga great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Brandreth is a near neighbour of Great Gable, forming part of the head of Ennerdale.</p><br>
<p>The spine of the range runs north from Great Gable via Green Gable to Brandreth, before curving north-west to form the watershed between Ennerdale and Buttermere. The fells along this section are Haystacks and the High Stile group. A lesser ridge also runs out north-east from Brandreth to Grey Knotts, bending around parallel to the main range to form the side valley of Warnscale. Fleetwith Pike encloses Warnscale on the other side.</p><br>
<p>As a consequence of its three connecting ridges, Brandreth assumes a triangular plan. The south-west face falls steeply, but relatively smoothly to Ennerdale, Brin Crag being the only prominent feature. To the east a rim of crags mark the drop into Gillercomb. This classic hanging valley lies between Brandreth and Base Brown, emptying around the latter into the wide strath of Borrowdale at Seathwaite. The northern slopes fall gently toward Warnscale, the workings of Dubs Quarry lying at the foot of the slope. Brandreth is thus the only fell to feed Ennerdale Water, Derwentwater and Buttermere.</p><br>
<p>The ridge connecting to Green Gable narrows to Gillercomb Head, complete with a number of small tarns, following the line of the ruined Ennerdale boundary fence. The connection to Grey Knotts is wider, but still a definite ridge, crossing the stony terrain where the transition from one fell to the other is hard to determine. North westward the topography is more complex, a sloping tableland gradually resolving into the ridge of Haystacks as the high ground is squeezed between Warnscale Beck and the River Liza. The rocky top of Great Round How marks the completion of the change.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit area composes the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation. A band of volcaniclastic sandstone passes near to the actual top. Further south are outcroppings of the Whorneyside Formation (bedded tuff and sandstone with some breccias, intersperced with andesite sills.) The lower slopes are covered by drift. Dubs Quarry at the foot of the northern slope is an extensive slate working, now abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is bleak and stony, marked by the remains of old fences. The top is identified by a cairn built around a boundary post where the three ridgeline fences meet. The view south is obstructed by the Gables, but in all other directions the high fells of Lakeland are laid out. Pillar, High Stile and the North Western Fells are particularly well seen, a view enhanced from lower down the western slope.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Honister Pass provides a convenient high level start. There is a well marked and mainly stoned path starting close to the youth hostel which leads directly to the summit by way of Grey Knotts. Another route follows the remains of the inclined tramway to the Drum House and then contours around the western slopes of Grey Knotts. From Gatesgarth at the head of Buttermere, a path runs up the valley of Warnscale Beck. Passing around the crags of Haystacks it then crosses the plateau to pick up the Ennerdale fence, bound for Brandreth. If climbing from Borrowdale then the path alongside Sour Milk Gill into Gillercomb can be used, followed by a stiff pull up to Gillercomb Head. A long walk up Ennerdale can also be the prelude to an ascent of Brandreth. Many walkers will ascend the fell indirectly from one of its neighbours, or avoid the summit altogether as they follow the contouring path from Honister to Great Gable.</p><br>
<p>Caw Fell is a fell in the English Lake District, standing between Haycock the Lank Rigg group. It occupies a wide upland area with Ennerdale to the north and Blengdale to the south. Caw Fell is distant from any point of access by Lakeland standards, but can be climbed from Blengdale or Bowness Knott car-parks.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Caw Fell stands on the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. The main fells in this section are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. The surrounding valleys gradually diverge until at Caw Fell they are 6 miles apart and other rivers spring up to drain the intervening country. The Bleng rises to the south of Caw Fell, while Worm Gill drains the western slopes. The fell is therefore the end of the westerly run of the ridge, and the watershed curves north around the head of Worm Gill, crossing the subsidiary top of Iron Crag on the transit to Crag Fell and Lank Rigg.</p><br>
<p>The unnamed col connecting Caw Fell to Haycock is flat topped and carries the Ennerdale Fence, in this section a substantial dry stone wall. Tongue Gill, the principal headwater of the Bleng, flows from the southern side of the saddle while on the opposite side is the steep headwall of Silver Cove, a deeply enclosed side-valley running into Ennerdale. The heathery spur of Tongue End runs parallel to the east.</p><br>
<p>West of the summit a broad ridge descends steeply to Worm Gill, a craggy bowl scooped out on the northern side above the tributary of Bleaberry Gill. Running due north between this corrie and Silver Cove is the ridge of Iron Crag, making the whole summit area resemble an inverted T in plan. A narrow and steep sided col at 1,575 ft provides Iron Crag with considerably more prominence than its parent, a small tarn lying on the northern slope. The rock face giving Iron Crag its name overlooks Silver Cove, but is not particularly prominent. From this top the ridge swings west again, the rough northern flanks running above the shore of Ennerdale Water. The main features here are Mart Knott, Stair Knott and Boat How. The ridge now meets the headwaters of the River Calder and divides to embrace the valley, Crag Fell to the north and Lank Rigg to the south.</p><br>
<p>Caw Fell also has a lower level south west ridge, running down between the River Bleng and Worm Gill. This descends first to Stockdale Moor, a site littered with tumuli, hut circles, enclosures and other remnents of ancient habitation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The north eastern flanks are overlain by drift deposits with the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation beneath. The rest of the fell exhibits rock of the Ennerdale Intrusion, granophyric granite.</p><br>
<p>Iron Crag Mine operated below the crag of that name from around 1864 to 1896. 500 tons of haematite ore was raised in 1881, but the mine never proved a commercial success. Other smaller operations ran briefly in Silver Cove and Deep Gill.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top stands to the north of the wall, marked by a cairn. Caw Fell is remote from higher fells and gives an all round panorama of the Western Fells and the Scafells. It is necessary to cross the wall to take in the full view.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The south west ridge over Stockdale Moor can be followed from the car park at Bleng Bridge, this being over five miles each way. From Bowness Knott in Ennerdale, Caw Fell can be reached in a similar distance via the Tongue End spur. Indirect ascents can be made via Grike and Crag Fell from the Kinniside Stone Circle.</p><br>
<p>Crag Fell is a hill in the English Lake District. It is part of the Lank Rigg group, standing above Ennerdale Water in the Western Fells. The craggy northern face above the lake gives the fell its name, prominent in views from the car park at Bowness Knott. Ascents are commonly made from the foot of Ennerdale Water.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Crag Fell stands near the extremity of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. The fells in this section are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. The surrounding valleys gradually diverge until other rivers spring up to drain the intervening country. Worm Gill is one such watercourse, running south westward from Caw Fell, and forcing the ridge to detour northwards around the head of its valley. Beyond this stand the fells of the Lank Rigg group, the final high country within the National Park. Crag Fell and Grike complete the westward line of the ridge, whilst Lank Rigg lies to the south across the head of the River Calder.</p><br>
<p>The northern flanks of Crag Fell tumble roughly down to the shore of Ennerdale Water. One tier of crags is directly below the summit, Revelin Crag being a notable feature, whilst a second abuts the lake itself. This is Anglers Crag, also known as Robin Hood&#39;s Chair. By contrast the southern slopes fall steadily to the headstream of the Calder, the lower section being planted with conifers.</p><br>
<p>South eastward from Crag Fell begins the long ridge to Caw Fell, first descending to a col at 1,320 ft and then rising gently over the intermediate top of Iron Crag. To the west a narrower ridge runs along above the plantation to Grike. Crag Fell is bounded by Ben Gill in the west and Red Beck in the east.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>The remains of a number of iron mines can be found above the shore of the lake. Small trials were driven beneath Revelin Crag, above Anglers Crag and on the upper eastern slopes above Red Beck. Although haematite was found, the quantities were never sufficient and all of the mines had closed by 1896.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>There are two mounds on the top of the fell, that to the north west being the summit. The whole area is undulating and grassy. There is a wide panorama to seaward, taking in what Alfred Wainwright described as the "grotesque collection of towers and minarets of the Calder Hall atomic power station". The head of Ennerdale Water is seen to the east, surrounded by the high cirque of the Western Fells. Distant Fairfield and Ullscarf put in unexpected appearances through the gaps.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A narrow road runs east from the village of Ennerdale Bridge, giving access to a pair of car parks near the outflow of the lake. Two principal alternatives are available from here to climb Crag Fell. The first is to loosely follow the course of Ben Gill up beside the plantation, before swinging left toward the summit. A more interesting route is to use the lakeshore path to reach the top of Anglers Crag, before working up the hillside to turn Revelin Crag to the west. This takes the walker past what Wainwright called the Crag Fell Pinnacles, a fractured spine of rock rising 80 ft above the angle of the slope. Other ascents can be made from the Coldfell Road, south of Ennerdale Bridge. A track, formerly the mine road, can be followed almost to the summit, passing over the flanks of Grike. A circuit of the upper Calder, taking in the whole Lank Rigg group can also be started from here.</p><br>
<p>Gavel Fell is a hill in the English Lake District. Centremost of the five Loweswater Fells in the western part of the District, it stands between Hen Comb and Blake Fell. Of moderate altitude it can be climbed from Loweswater village, or from Croasdale to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Gavel Fell and the other Loweswater Fells form the extremity of the northern arm.</p><br>
<p>The Loweswater Fells have been compared to the digits of a hand, radiating out south westward from the "palm" centred on Loweswater village. From the west these are Burnbank Fell, Blake Fell, Gavel Fell, Hen Comb and Mellbreak, the "thumb".</p><br>
<p>Gavel Fell being the "middle finger" has a long ridge running south west from the valley. This rises gently at first past High Nook farm, before accelerating its climb up the face of Black Crag to the summit plateau. A subsidiary top (1,601 ft) is reached first, unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps but referred to as High Nook in some guidebooks. The ridge widens, damply, and turns south at the summit, dropping over a rough patch of ground named White Oak. Beyond is Banna Fell (1,496 ft), which could lay claim to separate status but is generally considered a subsidiary of Gavel Fell. Banna Fell has a very prominent eastern top named Floutern Cop (1,480 ft).</p><br>
<p>On the Loweswater side Gavel Fell is neatly contained by Highnook Beck to the north west and Whiteoak Beck to the east. These merge beneath the nose of the ridge at High Nook Farm, before joining Dub Beck, the outflow of Loweswater. One of the feeders of Highnook Beck is High Nook Tarn, a small pool with a low earth dam. Tarns are unusual in this part of the District, although Gavel Fell has a share in a second on its southern boundary. This is Floutern Tarn, lying beneath Floutern Cop. A long brooding pool with a depth of about 12 ft, Floutern Tarn drains east and then north into the morass of Mosedale. A walker&#39;s pass, Floutern Tarn Pass, crosses beside Floutern, providing access from Buttermere to Ennerdale. The western side follows Gill Beck, the southern boundary of Gavel Fell. The western face of the fell is drained by Croasdale Beck, a tributary of the Ehen.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Gavel Fell is formed from rocks of the Kirk Stile Formation, commonly associated with the Skiddaw range. These consist of laminated mudstone and siltstone.</p><br>
<p>Whiteoak Lead Mine consisted of several levels and a shaft, operating between 1864 and 1891. This was worked on both flanks of Whiteoak Gill, but failed to achieve commercial success. There are also the remains of an iron mine near the outlet of Floutern Tarn, worked patchily through the 1860s.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The highest point is marked by a large cairn on a grassy plateau. The view seawards is blocked in part by Blake Fell, but there is a fine array of fells eastward. The Grasmoor group form the highlight.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Loweswater a start can be made up the track to High Nook farm. At the tarn, the walker can turn to either flank of the ridge to pass Black Crag, before making for the summit. From Croasdale the west ridge of Banna Fell can be used, although entailing a roundabout route, as walkers are no longer welcome to use the more direct line up Croasdale Beck to White Oak (this route has now been omitted from the revised edition of Wainwright&#39;s guide to the Western Fells). Ascents via Floutern Pass can also be soured by the attitude of the landowner, who covets every last blade of grass.</p><br>
<p>Lank Rigg is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands to the south of Ennerdale in the Western Fells. A sprawling hill with gentle grassy slopes it can be climbed from various points on the Coldfell road. It carries various remains from ancient habitation.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Lank Rigg is the highest of the group of fells at the extremity of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. The fells in this section are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. The surrounding valleys gradually diverge until other rivers spring up to drain the intervening country. Worm Gill is one such watercourse, running south westward from Caw Fell, and forcing the ridge to detour northwards around the head of its valley. Beyond this stand the fells of the Lank Rigg group, the final high country within the National Park. Crag Fell and Grike complete the westward line of the ridge, whilst Lank Rigg itself stands to the south across the head of the River Calder.</p><br>
<p>Lank Rigg occupies an upland area about 2 miles square, bordered by the River Calder and Worm Gill to east and west. Worm Gill sweeps around the southern flank of the fell, joining the Calder at Thornholme to complete the moat on three sides. To the north east, via the subsidiary top of Whoap (1,676 ft), is a connection to the main ridge. This joins it perpendicularly between Crag Fell and Caw Fell. The slopes of Lank Rigg are uniformly gentle, clad in grass with the occasional rash of stones. There is a small tarn just below the summit to the south west.</p><br>
<p>Although Wainwright</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lank Rigg carries the remains of ancient settlement with a tumulus near the summit and various enclosures and cairns near Tongue Bank. These are marked as ‘cairn’, ‘settlement’ and ‘homestead’ on Ordnance Survey maps.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The highest point bears an Ordnance Survey triangulation column. The Lakeland view is uninspiring, apart from an unexpected appearance by distant Blencathra, but the coastal plain is well seen.</p><br>
<p>To mark the completion of his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Alfred Wainwright buried a two-shilling (now ten pence) piece under a stone at the summit. He made mention of this in the last volume so that the first reader on the fell could collect the prize. It was, as he said, ‘a reckless thing to do’. Visitors to the summit may still occasionally find coins hidden there by generous fellwalkers in memory of Wainwright’s act.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The unfenced Coldfell road runs south from Ennerdale Bridge to Calder Bridge, providing the best access to Lank Rigg. A footpath leads off eastward between Blakeley Raise and Burn Edge, dropping into the upper Calder valley. This can then be followed to the col between Whoap and Lank Rigg. A circular outing can be devised from the same starting point, also visiting Crag Fell and Grike.</p><br>
<p>From further south on the road a lane gives access to the Calder just opposite Tongue How. A long ascent up the south western slopes then follows.</p><br>
<p>Middle Fell is a hill or fell in the English Lake District. It is a satellite of Seatallan standing above the northern shore of Wastwater. Middle Fell can be climbed from Greendale near the foot of Wastwater, and a fine view of the lake backed by the Wastwater Screes is visible from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Middle Fell is an outlier of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. Travelling in this direction the principal hills are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. Haycock sends out a long southern ridge terminating in Seatallan and Seatallan in turn has a south eastern spur. This is Middle Fell.</p><br>
<p>Middle Fell begins at the unnamed col on the eastern face of Seatallan at a height of 1,525 ft. This is its only connection with other high ground, being constrained on three sides by deep valleys. To the west, separating Middle Fell from its parent, is Greendale Gill. This begins at Greendale Tarn, nestled into the steep face of Middle Fell. The tarn, around 30 ft deep, sits in a long narrow bowl, looked down on by a collection of huge boulders.</p><br>
<p>To the east is Nether Beck, flowing down to the Lake through its long valley. On the other side are the long southern slopes of Red Pike. The southern slopes of Middle Fell fall to the shore of Wastwater, claiming a long section of the northern shore between Nether Beck Bridge and the Greendale road junction. Goat Gill and Smithy Beck provide further drainage on this side.</p><br>
<p>Middle Fell is steep on all sides. The western face is rough with areas of scree and boulders, but generally free of crags. The longer eastern slopes by contrast have tier upon tier of rocks. Long, Water, Goat, Foegill and Iron Crags are the principal features. The ridge northward to Seatallan is broad, levelling out onto grass after an initial rough descent.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is composed of the dacitic, welded lapilli tuff of the Lincomb Tarns Formation. Andesitic lapilli tuff occurs on either end of the ridge, together with small intrusions of basalt and dolerite. Underlying this is the Birker Fell Formation of plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit cairn is sited on a small rock outcrop, close to the beginning of the ridge-end descent to the south. The view across Wastwater to the screes of Whin Rigg and Illgill Head is excellent. Also in view is the head of Wasdale and the more distant Coniston Fells. Black Combe appears far off to the south west.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The simplest ascent is via a path up the nose of the ridge, beginning at Greendale. A longer alternative climbs the beck to Greendale Tarn before doubling back to the summit along the Seatallan ridge. A circular tour can be contrived via Seatallan and Buckbarrow.</p><br>
<p>Wicklow Gap is one of the highest Irish mountain passes served by an asphalted road. It is located in County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The 475 m pass is opened between Tonelagee (Nort east) and Turlough Hill / Camaderry (South). It connects Dunlavin (West) and Glendalough, and with Sally Gap is one of the two road passes crossing the Wicklow Mountains. On clear days from the pass is possible to look across the Irish Sea and view the mountains of Snowdonia (Wales).</p><br>
<h2>Access to the pass</h2><br>
<p>The scenic R756 road leads to the pass. The drive is a popular bicycle ascent; it is considered by th the Tour de France a Cat. 3 climb. From the pass starts a small road leading to Turlough Hill, where stands an electricity storage hydro-plant.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The pass is located on the St Kevins Way, a long distance waymarked walking trail, on its way from Hollywood to Glendalough.</p><br>
<p>Starting from the pass is possible to reach on foot both Turlough Hill and Tonelagee.</p><br>
<p>Lords Seat is a fell in the English Lake District. It is the highest of the group of hills north of Whinlatter Pass in the North Western Fells. The slopes of Lords Seat are extensively forested.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. Lord&#39;s Seat is the hub of the most northerly sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and the Vale of Embleton.</p><br>
<p>The principal feature of these fells is a ridge running from the Vale of Lorton in the west to Bassenthwaite Lake in the east. Travelling in this direction the main tops are Graystones, Broom Fell, Lords Seat and Barf. Barf is in truth a satellite of Lords Seat but was given the status of a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells</p><br>
<p>Lord&#39;s Seat is the focal point of the group and sends out a number of additional ridges. To the south east is Ullister Hill (1,722 ft), a bare mound surrounded by conifer plantations. Further on in the same direction is Seat How (1,627 ft), a rocky top standing above the steep descent to Comb Beck and the Whinlatter Pass road. A second branch of the ridge curves around south and then west from Ullister Hill, terminating in Whinlatter fell. Between Whinlatter and the main east-west ridge is the quiet valley of Aiken Beck.</p><br>
<p>North eastward from Lord&#39;s Seat, branching off from the ridge connection to Barf, is a long and sometimes imperceptible watershed which runs up the shore of Bassenthwaite. This divides the catchments of Wythop Beck (flowing north west) and Beck Wythop, a short stream running directly east into the lake. Some way to the north, this line of higher ground ends at Sale Fell.</p><br>
<p>Lord&#39;s Seat gives birth to a number of streams which, although departing in different directions, all ultimately join the River Derwent. Aiken Beck and its many tributaries drain the south western flanks, most of which are clad in conifers. Hagg Beck, the main feeder of Beck Wythop, begins a little to the north of the summit. This runs across open fellside at first, only entering the trees at around the 1,100 ft contour. Beckstones Gill flows to Bassenthwaite to the south of Barf, while an unnamed stream does the same to the north. All of the eastern flanks of the range are forested, except for the scree-ridden face of Barf between these two watercourses.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The predominant surface rocks are the Kirk Stile Formation, composed of laminated mudstone and siltstone. Much of the summit is overlain with peat and there is a fault to the south west, beyond which are greywacke sandstone turbidities of the Loweswater Formation.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of historic mining activity on the eastern slopes, particularly below Seat How. Four mines operated in this area:- Ladstock, Rachel Wood, Thornthwaite and Beckstones. Most were abandoned in the 1870s but Thornthwaite and Rachel Wood operated until December 1920. The main yields were lead and zinc ores, in particular galena, blende, cerussite and gossan.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of Lord&#39;s Seat is a smooth grassy dome, the summit being marked by the meeting point of ruined fences and a small cairn. The view is extensive, befitting the highest point north of Whinlatter. The Northern Fells are well displayed over Bassenthwaite and there is also a good view of the Helvellyn range. Grasmoor and its supporters restrict the southward panorama, but there is no such obstruction to the north, the Scottish Hills being visible across the Solway Firth.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From the western side of Whinlatter Pass a pleasant approach can be made up the wooded Aiken Valley, a quiet dale with no vehicular access. The summit of the pass also provides access, either direct via Ullister Hill, or by first climbing Whinlatter and then following the ridge. From the main road along the shore of Bassenthwaite a path can be followed beside Beckstones Gill, climbing just inside the forest. This is an easier alternative to the rough face of Barf.</p><br>
<p>Bannerdale Crags is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands between Blencathra and Bowscale Fell in the Northern Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Bannerdale Crags is a ridge running north west to south east. The name was originally applied purely to the steep north eastern flank, but is now generally given to the fell as a whole.</p><br>
<p>A broad convex slope descends northward from Blencathra&#39;s Atkinson Pike top, gradually resolving into two ridges. The western arm continues to Mungrisdale Common while the north eastern limb, flecked with outcropping rock, falls to a steep sided col at 2,020 ft. From the depression Blackhazel Beck descends north west to join the River Caldew while the source of the Glenderamackin lies on the opposite slope. Across the col smooth slopes rise once more up the south western flank of the Bannerdale Crags ridge. There is little clue here to the wall of crags on the other side.</p><br>
<p>The north eastern side of the ridge looks down upon the valley of Bannerdale Beck, a tributary of the Glenderamackin. The crags on this side are almost continuous for a mile in length, the highest sections falling 600 ft to the valley. The major breach is a spur protruding from the face almost below the summit, providing a fine route of ascent.(see below)</p><br>
<p>To the north the summit ridge continues across a broad grassy saddle to Bowscale Fell, the crags continuing a little way into the territory of the neighbouring fell. By contrast to the south east the fell ends in White Horse Bent, the abrupt ridge-end descent to the Glenderamackin. This river has one of the most convoluted passages in the district, passing around the south and east of Bannerdale Crags, before turning back on itself to surround Souther Fell on almost all sides and finally head west for Keswick and the River Derwent.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell is smooth and grassy, the highest point being set back from the crags and marked by a small cairn of flat stones. Nearer the face is another cairn, referred to on older large scale maps as a currick – a stone shelter built by shepherds. The view is surprisingly extensive, the Coniston Fells being in sight to the south, 20 mi away. The Eastern and Far Eastern Fells are also in view, but the highlight is probably Sharp Edge and the eastern prospect of Blencathra.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In common with much of the Northern Fells the Kirk Stile Formation of the Skiddaw Group predominates. This is composed of laminated mudstone and siltstone with greywacke sandstone and is of Ordovician age.</p><br>
<p>Bannerdale lead mine was operated at the base of the crag itself, primarily in the latter half of the nineteenth century. This raised galena and blende from an east- west vein system with two major levels being over 100 ft long. Further workings below the summit were known as the graphite level. It is not known how much was found, but the level has only been driven a few feet.</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Old Mine lies to the south of the fell, near to the col connecting it with Blencathra. This was also driven for lead, but the vein proved to consist mainly of limonite. An attempt was made to market this as a pigment, but commercial success was elusive and there are no records of operation after 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Starting from Mungrisdale village to the east the Glenderamackin can be followed as far as its confluence with Bannerdale Beck. From here the east spur climbs almost direct to the summit, the rock scenery improving throughout and ending with a gentle scramble. An alternative from Mungrisdale is the wide and easy track leading up to the ridge between Bannerdale Crags and Bowscale Fell.</p><br>
<p>Less direct is the climb from Scales, first crossing Mousthwaite Combe to reach the Glenderamackin to the south of the fell. From here a straightforward assault on White Horse Bent is one alternative, or the miners track can be followed to Saddleback Old Mine and the source of the river.</p><br>
<p>Bowscale Fell is a hill in the English Lake District. It rises above the village of Mungrisdale in the Northern Fells. Bowscale Fell stands at the extreme north east the Blencathra group, connected to this higher fell by the intervening Bannerdale Crags. In common with many fells the western slopes are smooth and convex while the eastern side exhibits crags.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>A curving ridge surrounds the head of Bannerdale, with Bowscale Fell at the northern end and Bannerdale Crags to the south. The ridgeline is broad and grassy with occasional patches of bog and a couple of small tarns in the north. Bannerdale flows due east from the depression between the two fells to its junction with the River Glenderamackin. A second tributary of the Glenderamackin, Bullfell Beck, runs parallel a little to the north, its source being directly beneath the summit of Bowscale Fell. The heads of the two valleys are divided by a truncated east ridge, The Tongue, which sports a top (1,814 ft) at the far end. From below, The Tongue appears as an impressive pyramidal peak with steep slopes on all sides, obscuring the higher ground behind.</p><br>
<p>A second, longer eastern ridge runs out to the north of Bowscale Fell, forming the northern wall of Bullfell Beck. This has two subsidiary tops at 2,017 ft and 1,981 ft and ends steeply at Raven Crag above the Mungrisdale to Heskett Newmarket road. Perched in a bowl scooped out on the northern face of this ridge is Bowscale Tarn. This is a classic corrie tarn, held in by a whalebacked moraine and having a depth of around 60 ft. Bowscale Tarn was a popular tourist attraction in Victorian times, visitors being brought by pony to observe its wild and moody setting. Tastes change and the tarn now finds itself on few itineraries for a grand tour of the District. Legend had it that the tarn was home to two immortal fish, one version of the tale also crediting them with the gift of speech. Above the water is Tarn Crag, the steepest face on the fell.</p><br>
<p>The western and northern flanks of the fell drain to the River Caldew, which heads north east to Carlisle for a meeting with the River Eden, and thence to the Solway Firth. Northward across the deep cutting of the Caldew is Carrock Fell, while to the west are Great Calva and Knott. Wainwright remarked that the western slopes of Bowscale Fell are drained by the Caldew which ultimately flows to the east, while the eastern slopes feed the Glenderamackin which soon turns west for Keswick and the River Derwent.</p><br>
<p>Being on the Derwent - Eden watershed, Bowscale Fell has further topographical significance by providing the link between the Northern and Eastern Fells. The eastern ridge continues almost imperceptibly beneath Raven Crag, crossing the road before rising again to form Little Eycott and Eycott Hills. From here the watershed runs south across Great Mell Fell and ultimately climbs onto Great Dodd in the Helvellyn range.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell bears a rash of stones although all else is grass. There is a windshelter at the highest point and a cairn a little to the north, marking the direction of Bowscale Tarn. The view of Blencathra and Sharp Edge is excellent, together with a surprising vista of the North Western Fells through the Glenderaterra gap.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A number of alternatives are available when starting from Mungrisdale. The easiest follows a gently rising track to the depression at the head of Bannerdale, while a variation is to turn off and climb steeply up the terminal slope of The Tongue. Bullfell Beck can also be followed to give the most direct ascent to the summit, but the best route is perhaps to follow the east ridge over its undulating tops. From Bowscale, a little along the road to the north, the Victorian pony route to Bowscale Tarn can still be followed, continuing up a grassy rake that bisects Tarn Crag.</p><br>
<p>If a much longer walk is required, the ridge between Bowscale Fell and Bannerdale Crags can be reached from the Caldew Valley to the west. This makes Mosedale, or even Skiddaw House and points west into possible starting points.</p><br>
<p>The University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm Historic District, also known as South Farm, is a designated historic district in the USA state of Illinois. It is located on the campus of the University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. The district consists of eight contributing structures and several non-contributing structures. The district was designated in 1994 when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Multiple Property Submission concerning Round Barns in Illinois. Three of the district&#39;s buildings are early 20th century round barns constructed between 1908 and 1912.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Illinois (U of I) was formed in 1888, one year after the Hatch Act provided federal funds. After its initial establishment U of I&#39;s College of Agriculture began to grow and it was divided into three distinct components: classroom instruction at U of I, the Agricultural Experiment Station, and a state wide extension service. In 1899 Eugene Davenport replaced George E. Morrow as Dean of the College of Agriculture, and Davenport immediately reorganized the college into four departments: agronomy, animal husbandry, dairy husbandry, and horticulture. The Experiment Station was originally established to "administer research activities within the College." The Department of Dairy Husbandry, seeking to increase milk productivity by promoting efficiency, prompted the Experiment Station to construct the Experimental Dairy Farm at an area known as South Farms. The layout and design incorporated three round barns. Experimental Dairy Farms, in general, were receiving broad support as a way to combat problems within dairy farming.</p><br>
<p>The three round barns in the historic district were the inspiration of Wilbur J. Fraser. Fraser was the first head of the Department of Dairy Husbandry from 1902 - 1913. He was also a strong advocate of the round barn which he said offered the "economy of consideration, low maintenance, and labor efficiency." Fraser asserted that round barns had a better ability to withstand Midwest windstorms as well. Fraser became the first Chief of Dairy Husbandry at the Agricultural Experiment Station in 1908. His colleague, H.C. Crouch, left New England at the same time to accept the position of manager at the U of I Experimental Dairy Farm. Fraser spent the summer of 1908 in Europe, visiting the Great Britain, the Netherlands and Denmark. While there, he took opportunity to learn techniques from local farmers which inspired his push for "efficiency" upon his return to the States. Fraser and Crouch led the promotion of round barn design in Illinois because they believed the very design of the round barn promoted the scientific principles of agriculture as well as a common sense approach to dairy farming.</p><br>
<p>One barn was erected in 1907-08, a second in 1910 or 1912, and the third c. 1912 or 1913, sources vary as to exact dates. The University of Illinois was then, and still is today, home to an Agricultural Experiment Station, these stations, located at universities throughout the United States were at the forefront of round barn promotion. The barns at the University of Illinois were instrumental in round barn era. In Illinois, at least one round barn was built with direct inspiration from the U of I round barns.</p><br>
<p>The facilities at the University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm were replaced by larger confines in 1960, though the area was maintained. When the district was nominated for inclusion on the National Register in 1994 the round barns at the site were still being used for small herd dairy experiments and housed cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The area that encompasses the district is set upon a ridge top and has been popularly known as South Farms. On the north the area is bordered by St. Mary&#39;s Road, a fence to the south and west and a treeline on the east side. The area to the north of the district buildings is pasture dotted with a few a university buildings. Open land is found to the east of the district. A variety of plant life surrounds the site as well. The district area is known as South Farms because of its historic location to the south of the main University of Illinois campus along a ridgeline in southern Urbana, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Many of the smaller outbuildings included in the historic district have no particular architectural style. The main structures in the district, the three round barns and the Managers House, however, all have distinct architectural design elements from classifications within their unique structure types. The Managers House combines elements from Tudor Revival and American Craftsman architecture. While the barns are not of a style, per se, they do represent a design movement within American agriculture. The movement that popularized round barns was in part, due to the promotion of the design by the university and its round barns.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>While the property information report from the state of Illinois asserts that there are eight contributing structures, the actual original nomination form lists eight total structures with only five contributing: a storage building, the three round barns, and the Managers House. Three other structures detailed on the nomination are listed as non-contributing: the "Cow Shed," the Dairy Laboratory, and the 1950s era garage for the Managers House.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the historic district has lost three structures. One, a silo southwest of Barn #3, was extant as late as 1950. A second was a small, gable-roofed structure which resembled a shed or similar outbuilding. That structure was east of Barn #3. The final lost building was between Barns #2 and #3, along an east-west orientation. Historic photographs show the building was a small, residential structure with human-scaled doorways, which may have been a laboratory of some sort.</p><br>
<h3>Manager's House</h3><br>
<p>This 1908 residential building combines elements from Tudor Revival and American Craftsman architectural styles. The square plan, two-story structure has a full basement and a brick and stucco foundation.</p><br>
<h3>Round Barns</h3><br>
<p>The round barns at the University of Illinois played a special role in the promotion and popularity of the American round barn. The University of Illinois was home to one of the Agricultural Experiment Stations at USA universities which were at the heart of the promotion of the round barn. At least one round barn in Illinois was built specifically after its owner viewed the barns at the university. Though originally an experiment the three barns helped to lead the way for round barn construction throughout the Midwest, particularly in Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>Storage building</h3><br>
<p>The pre-1934 Storage building is a rectangular, one story structure on a concrete foundation. It has a gabled roof and wood siding, when the district was nominated in 1994 the storage building&#39;s gabled roof had asbestos shingles. The interior of the building is open, its walls and ceilings are plywood and it has a concrete floor.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing</h3><br>
<p>Of the eight structures on site as of 2007, three are non-contributing to the historical integrity of the small historic district. Two are one-story rectangular buildings: the 1951 Garage and the post-1950 Cow Shed. The third is the 1956 Dairy Laboratory, a one story "L" plan building.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm was established as a National Register of Historic Places historic district on February 4, 1994. The nomination form to the National Register of Historic Places was dated December 22, 1993 and completed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). The IHPA noted the district&#39;s significance under the National Register inclusion criteria for architecture and "significant people." The round barns were built to promote the scientific pursuit of dairy farming; they had an impact, in some cases prompting farmers to construct their own round barns.</p><br>
